9b. Neurobiology of Emotion and Conditioning Flashcards
Emotional Behaviour
- Definition
Behaviour that is driven by the need to fulfil goals, both internal and social
Emotional Behaviour
- 5 Basic Emotions
- Fear
- Sadness
- Anger
- Happiness
- Disgust
Emotional Behaviour
- 5 Complex Behaviours and their Deriving Behaviours
- Embarrassment and worry (fear)
- Grief (sadness)
- Envy, jealousy and contempt
- Joy, love and nostalgia (happiness)
- Guilt and shame (disgust)
Emotional Behaviour
- Study
Begun by Charles Darwin in 1972
Emotional Behaviour
- Principle of Antithesis
The principle of antithesis was suggested by Charles Darwin, and states that behavioural displays conveying opposite intent should be and are highly distinguishable from each other
- Displays of submission and aggression are highly different
Emotional Behaviour
- 2D Model of Behaviour
Developed by Rolls in 1990
States that emotional behaviours all stem from presence or absence of appetitive and aversive reinforcers.
Additional dimension of prediction/expectation of appetitive or aversive reinforcers, where loss of expected reinforcers affects emotion
Emotional Behaviour
- 3 Components
- Subjective
- Behavioural
- Physiological
Neural Basis of Emotion
- Sham Rage Definition
Brief, poorly-directed rage response triggered by non-specific stimuli
Neural Basis of Emotion
- Sham Rage Induction
- Removal of the cerebral cortex
- Stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus
- Lesions to the limbic cortex
Neural Basis of Emotion
- Rage
- Posterior hypothalamus is critical for the coordination of the rage response
- Lateral hypothalamus
Limbic System
- Components
- Cingulate cortex (frontal lobe)
- Orbitofrontal cortex (frontal lobe)
- Amygdala
- Hippocampal formation
- Parahippocampal gyrus (medial temporal lobe)
- Septal nuclei (basal forebrain)
- Mammillary bodies
- Hypothalamus
- Anterior and medial thalamic nuclei (diencephalon)
- Nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum (basal ganglia)
Limbic System
- Cingulate Cortex
- Emotional significance of stimuli
- Depression
Limbic System
- Ventral Striatum
- Motivation
- Goal directed and habit learning
Limbic System
- Orbitofrontal Cortex
- Emotional stimuli influence on behaviour
- Value
Limbic System
- Hippocampus
- Emotional and episodic memory
- Anxiety
Limbic System
- Papez Circuit
- Cingulate gyrus
- Hippocampal formation
Fornix
- Mammillary body
Mammillo-thalamic tract
- Anterior thalamic nuclei
Limbic System
- Klüver Bucy Syndrome Cause
Bilateral removal of the temporal lobes
- Due to loss of amygdala
Limbic System
- Klüver Bucy Syndrome Clinical Signs
- Tameness
- Fearlessness
- Psychic blindness - inability to recognise familiar objects
- Hyperorality
- Hypersexuality
- Hypermetamorphysis - react to every visual stimuli
- Difficulties with memory
Limbic System
- Brain Structures Associated with Emotion
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
- Thalamus
Amygdala
- Role
- Emotional processing
- Learning the relevance of emotionally salient stimuli
Auditory Pavlovian Fear Conditioning
- Lesion Studies
Lesioning the auditory cortex = no effect
Lesioning the auditory thalamus = inhibited Pavlovian fear conditioning
Lesioning the auditory midbrain = inhibited Pavlovian fear conditioning
Lesioning basolateral or central amygdala in the auditory thalamus = inhibited Pavlovian fear conditioning
Amygdala
- Divisions
- Corticomedial division
- Basolateral division
- Central nucleus
Amygdala
- Corticomedial Division Nuclei
- Cortical nucleus
- Medial nucleus
Amygdala
- Basolateral Division Nuclei
- Basolateral nucleus
- Lateral nucleus
- Basal nucleus
Amygdala
- Corticomedial Division Role
Olfactory information, particularly pheromones, influence behaviour
Amygdala
- Basolateral Division Lesions
Impair fear conditioning
Fear Conditioning
- Neuronal Process
Requires long-term potentiation,
NMDA Channel Blocker
D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaerate (AVP)
Blocks long-term potentiation and therefore fear conditioning.
Amygdala
- Central Nuclei Lesions
Impair fear conditioning
Hippocampus
- Role
- Contextual conditioning
Contextual Conditioning
Requires:
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
Cued Conditioning
Requires:
- Amygdala
Anxiolytic Drugs
- Use
Treat chronic fear states and anxiety
Anxiolytic Drugs
- Examples
- Benzodiazepines such as diazepam
Anxiolytic Drugs
- Benzodiazepines
Increase the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA
Measuring Anxiety
Elevated plus maze
- Anxious rats spend more time in the closed arm
Benzodiazepine Antagonist
Flumazenil
