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NAB > 9a. Learning about the World and the Psychology of Action > Flashcards

9a. Learning about the World and the Psychology of Action Flashcards

1
Q

Animal Cognition Quote

A

Lloyd Morgan 1903

““In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development”

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2
Q

2 Types of Behaviour

A
  • Unleared

- Learned

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3
Q

Unlearned Behaviours

- 2 Basic Level Behaviour Types

A

Simple spinal reflexes and brainstem reflexes critical for survival

  • Respiratory movements
  • Pain withdrawal reflexes
  • Postural control
  • Salivation

Autonomic function

  • Regulation of heart rate
  • Maintenance of blood pressure via vascular smooth muscle tone
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4
Q

Unlearned Behaviours

- 2 Complex Level Behaviour Types

A

Swallowing, which involves >10 muscles in precise temporal order

Complex innate species specific behaviours, which are highly stereotypical
- Egg rolling in female greyly geese

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5
Q

Female GreyLay Geese

A

Egg rolling - unlearned (innate), complex, species-specific, stereotypical behaviour

Will continue the movement if the egg is replaced with another object, or even removed

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6
Q

Learned Behaviours

- 2 Mechanisms

A
  • Pavlovian conditioning

- Instrumental conditioning

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7
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

- Date

A

First described by Pavlov in 1927

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8
Q

Learned Behaviour

A

Animals and humans are readily able to learn associations between environmental stimuli and movements/actions

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9
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

- Definition

A

Describes the acquisition of a new response to a previously neutral stimulus as a result of experiencing a predictive relationship between the neutral stimulus and a biologically relevant stimulus.

This predictive relationship is independent of the animal’s behaviour.

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10
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

- Example

A

Pairing presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus), which generates salivation (unconditioned response), with a bell (neutral stimulus) so that the bell (conditioned stimulus) causes salivation (conditioned response).

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11
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

- Neural Basis

A

3 possible associations form

  • CS-response association
  • CS-US association
  • CS-affect association
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12
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

- CS-Response Association Description

A

Simple stimulus response association
Carries no information about US

Devaluing US would have no effect on response - LiCl contamination of food which causes strong nausea would have no effect on salivation

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13
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

- CS-Response Association Mapping

A

Mapped by Krupa et all in 1993

Found to work via the deep nuclei of the cerebellum

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14
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

- Cs-Response Association Evidence

A

Demonstrated in:

  • Aplysia by Kandel in 1991
  • Rabbit eye blink conditioning process
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15
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

- CS-US Association Description

A

Pavlov’s theory of the neural mechanism

Carries no information about the US

Devaluing US would reduces salivation - LiCl contamination of food which causes strong nausea would reduce salivation
- This does occur

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16
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

- CS-Affect Associations Description

A

Emotionally/motivationally significant US:

  • Fear association
  • Reward expectation

Used extensively to study conditioned fear and is highly relevant to negative emotional dysregulation in humans, such as the fear potentiated startle and cued conditioned fear

17
Q

Rescorla Wagner Model

- Description

A

Describes Pavlovian Conditioning

Formulates a value (V = 0-1) for the associative strength of synapses in each association

Proposes that an animal learns the associations by comparing what they think is going to happen against what happens, where the larger the surprise the more is learned.

18
Q

Rescorla-Wagner Model

- Date

A

Formulated by Rescorla dan Wagner in 1972

19
Q

Rescorla-Wagner Model

- US

A

The US-response association always generates a high V value as there is strong synaptic association

20
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

- Blocking

A

Blocking is where one full predictive conditioned stimulus blocks learning about another fully predictive conditioned stimulus when presented simultaneously.

This can be explain by the Rescorla-Wagner Model as the first fully predictive conditioned stimulus means that there is no surprise when the US is presented, so nothing new is learnt

21
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

- 3 Adaptation Examples

A
  1. Birds learn to fly after 1-2 trials
    Birds learn quickly not to eat bad tasting poisonous catapillars of the Cinnabar Moth
  2. Honeybees associate flower colour with sugar content - Experimentally investigated using artificial flowers
22
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

- Adaptation

A

Some pavlovian conditioning can be learnt fast, particularly when it is highly advantageous to the animal

23
Q

Instrumental Conditioning

- Date

A

First described in 1911 by Thordike

24
Q

Instrumental Conditioning

- First Experiment

A

Thordike placed cats in a puzzle box, and upon successful repetition they took less and less time for the cat to perform the behaviour to open the box.

25
Q

Instrumental Conditioning

- Description

A

Instrumental conditioning involves an animal’s behaviour bringing about an outcome. Associations form between the behaviour and the outcome

26
Q

Instrumental Conditioning is not Explicable in Terms of Pavlovian Conditioning

A

Grindley showed this in 1932

Guinea pig was trained by 2 contingencies:

  • Pavlovian contingency = buzzer sounds as a carrot is presented directly in front of them
  • Instrumental contingency = turn head to the left to gain access to the carrot

Reversing the head turning relationship, so that the head must be turned to the right, to gain access to the carrot was learned, even through the pavlovian contingency remained the same.

This indicates that behaviour is controlled by instrumental contingency

27
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning is not Explicable in Terms of Instrumental Conditioning

A

Sheffield showed this

Dog was trained using 2 contingencies:

  • Pavlovian contingency = associate the sound of a bell with food so that the bell induces salivation
  • Instrumental contingency = if the dog salivates the food is not given

However, salivation cannot be controlled by an instrumental contingency

28
Q

Pavlovian and Instrumental Behaviours

A

Some behaviours can be controlled by pavlovian conditioning:

  • Salivation
  • Chick’s walking

Other behaviours can be controlled by instrumental conditioning:

  • Head turning
  • Lever pressing
29
Q

Instrumental Conditioning

- Neural Basis

A
  • Stimulus-response associations

- Goal directed behaviour

30
Q

Instrumental Conditioning

- Stimulus-Response Association Description

A

Stimulus triggers the performance of a behaviour which leads to an outcome generated with environmental contingency.
The outcome strengthens the neural association between stimulus and behaviour

Model-free habit learning as there is no representation of the outcome making this link relatively inflexible

Devaluing the outcome would have no effect on the stimulus response

31
Q

Instrumental Conditioning

- Goal-Directed Learning

A

Stimulus is given neural representation which triggers modelling of the action and predicted outcome, and assessment of its value, which feeds into the action generator to influence behaviour.

Devaluing the outcome reduces the stimulus response

32
Q

Pavlovian and Instrumental Interaction

- 2 Examples

A
  • Pavlovian to intrumental transfer (PIT)

- Conditioned reinforcement

33
Q

PIT

- Experiment

A

Rat is trained with Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning:

  • Pavlovian conditioning = bell is associated with sucrose
  • Instrumental contingency = lever pressing is associated with sucrose

A PIT probe is performed, where a rat is presented with a bell or a light alongside the lever. When the bell is presented lever pressing increases, showing that pavlovian conditioned stimuli that predicts sucrose enhances the goal-directed response of lever pressing that is also paired with sucrose

34
Q

PIT

- Description

A

Pavlovian instrumental transfer

Pavlovian conditioned stimuli can modulate instrumental performance

35
Q

Conditioned Reinforcement

- Description

A

Animals will perform a behaviour to gain a conditioned stimuli (instrumental) previously paired with a reward (pavlovian), even when the reward is removed.

36
Q

Conditioned Reinforcement

- Example

A

A rat is trained by:

  • Pavlovian conditioning to associate a bell with sucrose
  • Instrumental conditioning to press a lever to hear a bell

A rat will still press a lever to receive the bell, even if it no longer receives the sucrose reward

NAB (37 decks)

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