9.3 motivation

Question 1

rats will self-stimulate until they _______

Answer 1

die

Question 2

the neurotransmitter involved in reward is

Answer 2

dopamine

Question 3

this area is a part of the brain stem and is a collection of dopaminergic neurons with divergent projections

Answer 3

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Question 4

projection of the VTA that goes to the limbic cortex and anterior temporal region

Answer 4

meso-limbic projection

Question 5

projection of the VTA that goes to the prefrontal cortex

Answer 5

meso-cortical projection

Question 6

where the fibres of the VTA and substantia nigra travel

Answer 6

median forebrain

Question 7

Cortical input (amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal, anterior, cingulate, temporal cortex) leads to positive potentitiation of what and where?

Answer 7

Dopamine from the VTA in the ventral striatum

Question 8

Activation of the ventral striatum leads to _______ of the _______

Answer 8

inhibition of the ventral pallidum, substantia nigra and pars reticulara

Question 9

Greater inhibition of the ventral pallidum leads to less ______ of the ________

Answer 9

less inhibition of the mediodorsal thalamus

Question 10

Lower inhibtion of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD thalamus) leads to ______ of the _______

Answer 10

Excitation of the limbic cortex

Question 11

WHAT IS THE LIMBIC LOOP DIAGRAM?! and do they activate or inhibit?

Answer 11

activation, inhibition, inhibition, activation (inhibition of inhibition which activates the MD nucleus)

Question 12

drugs decrease basal _____ levels and increase stimulated _____levels

Answer 12

glutamate. this is hypofrontal - also reduces dopamine in the PFC

Question 13

heroin acts by stimulating (dis-inhibition) _____ neurons, causing release of _____ in the _____ and _____ cortex?

Answer 13

stimulates ventral tegmental neurons, dopamine release in the prefrontal and limbic cortex

Question 14

affective starts are at least partly generated by _________

Answer 14

anterior cingulate cortex

Question 15

activation of the basal ganglia is facilitated in the presence of _____ from the _____

Answer 15

dopamine from the VTA

Question 17

when dopamine is present in ventral striatum, inputs from _____ and _____ produce a greater activation of these neurons

Answer 17

amygdala and frontal cortex

Question 18

greater activation of striatal neurons leads to enhanced ____ of neurons in the _____

Answer 18

inhibition of neurons in the ventral pallidum

Question 19

Ventral pallidum neurons normally inhibit the ________

Answer 19

mediodorsal thalamus (mediodorsal nucleus)

Question 20

inhibition of ventral pallidum neurons causes less inhibition of the _____ and hence greater activation of the ______

Answer 20

less inhibition of the mediodorsal nucleus, greater excitation of the limbic cortex