9- Stress and Eating

Question 1

What is hunger ?

Answer 1

an inborn physiological need to eat

Question 2

What makes the body feel hunger ?

Answer 2

empty stomach and intestines send signals to the brain, that stimulate feelings of hunger, which prompts us to eat

Question 3

What is appetite ?

Answer 3

Learned response and desire to eat food, usually associated with the sensory aspects of food.

Question 4

What makes the body have an appetite ?

Answer 4

driven by external forces and influenced by our emotions, social situations, as well as cultural norms

Question 5

what is satiety ?

Answer 5

feeling of fullness after a meal

Question 6

what is satiety influenced by ?

Answer 6

by body signals more than external factors

Question 7

what are internal factors that influence appetite ?

Answer 7

neuropeptide Y stimulates food intake

leptin reduces food intake

Question 8

what are external factors that influence appetite?

Answer 8

environmental factors, social factors, palatability of foods

Question 9

what is the set-point theory ?

Answer 9

In adult individuals body weight is maintained at a relatively stable level for long periods. The set-point theory suggests that body weight is regulated at a predetermined, or preferred, level by a feedback control mechanism.

Question 10

how do lateral hypothalamus lesions affect body weight ?

Answer 10

they reduce the set point, and therefore lesioned rats maintain body weight at a new lower level

Question 11

how do lateral ventromedial hypothalamus lesions affect body weight ?

Answer 11

increase set point for body weight, maintain body weight at a higher level

Question 12

if you lesion a rat’s brain, where would you lesion for it to eat more ?

Answer 12

ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 13

if you lesion a rat’s brain, where would you lesion for it to eat less ?

Answer 13

lateral hypothalamus

Question 14

what is the dual center hypothesis?

Answer 14

This hypothesis has to do with the process of hunger and feeding, and the belief that the Lateral Hypothalamus causes you to feel hunger –> eating –> increase in blood glucose and the Ventro medial Hypothalamus causes you to stop feeling hungry (satiety) –> eating stops –> decrease in blood glucose –> cycle starts again.

Question 15

what is the positive incentive theory?

Answer 15

eating triggered by external stimuli like time of day, sight or smell of food

Question 16

what can happen in the stomach which affects appetite as a response to acute/chronic stress ?

Answer 16

slowed gastric emptying

Question 17

what can happen in the non-essential organs which affects appetite as a response to acute/chronic stress ?

Answer 17

decrease in blood flow

Question 18

what can happen in energy stores which affects appetite as a response to acute/chronic stress

Answer 18

mobilization of energy stores

Question 19

which system mobilizes energy stores ?

Answer 19

pituitary-adrenal-cortical axis

Question 20

what mode does the body go into to survive a famine or chronic stress ?

Answer 20

fat storage

Question 21

altered functioning of HPA stress axis may contribute to the development of what ?

Answer 21

anorexia

Question 22

what is a trigger for obesity and bulimic episodes ?

Answer 22

stress

Question 23

is high levels of dietary restraint good ?

Answer 23

no, usually followed by periods of low restraint

Question 24

release of what hormone causes plasure during eating ?

Answer 24

dopamine, through increased mesolimbic neuronal activity

Question 25

which gender has a correlation between snacking and stress ?

Answer 25

both

Question 26

which dieting status has a correlation between snacking and stress ?

Answer 26

any

Question 27

does texture of food affect how well food alleviates stress

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

mildly arousing stressors cause what eating habit ?

Answer 28

increased eating

Question 29

sever or chronic stressors cause what eating habit ?

Answer 29

reduce food intake

Question 30

what hormone level may preduce stress induced eating in women ?

Answer 30

cortisol

Question 31

How is cortisol related to stress eating in a study in which you exposed fifty-nine healthy pre-menopausal women to both a stress session and a control session on different days

Answer 31

High cortisol reactors consumed more calories on the stress day compared to low reactors, but ate similar amounts on the control day. In terms of taste preferences, high reactors ate significantly more sweet food across days. Increases in negative mood in response to the stressors were also significantly related to greater food consumption. These results suggest that psychophysiological response to stress may influence subsequent eating behavior.

Question 32

what are 4 types of unhealthy eating cues

Answer 32

social cues
situational cues
negative thoughts
negative feelings

Question 33

how do social cues affect eating ?

Answer 33

eating often a primary activity in social settings

Question 34

how do situational cues affect eating ?

Answer 34

seeking comfort during crisis, reward

Question 35

what is the cycle of automatic eating ?

Answer 35

related to negative thoughts and feelings as unhealthy eating cues

1) unpleasant situation
2) automatic negative thoughts
3) negative feelings
4) eat our emotions