15- Stress and Sleep Disorders Flashcards by Nat L

what are the four different stages of sleep ?

NREM Stage 1
NREM Stage 2
NREM Stage 3
REM Sleep

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how many sleep cycles and of how long do we experience per night ?

6 cycles of 90 minutes

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what is NREM Stage 1 ? duration, brain waves ?

occurs when you first fall asleep
lasts for 10 minutes (5% of total sleep time)
very easy to be woken up
brain goes from alpha waves to theta waves

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what is NREM Stage 2 ? duration, brain waves ?

30-60 minutes (50% of total sleep time)

delta waves

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what is NREM Stage 3 ? duration, brain waves ?

20-30 minutes in first cycle of sleep and then less and less
20% of total sleep time

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what is the hardest stage to wake up from ?

NREM stage 3 (deep sleep)

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what is the final stage in the sleep cycle ?

REM

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what are physiological characteristics of REM sleep ?

HR, breathing, BP fluctuate

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what is the muscle movement in REM sleep ?

muscle twitching and paralysis, rapid eye movement

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what is the brain pattern in REM sleep ?

fast pattern

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what stage of sleep does dreaming occur in ?

REM

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why can’t you act out your dreams ?

muscles are paralyzed

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how does REM sleep progress throughout the night ?

in first sleep cycle REM can be a few minutes but then in last cycle can last up to an hour

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REM sleep accounts for what percentage of sleep time ?

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what is the circadian rhythm?

biological clock that helps control sleep/wake cycle, timing of sleep patterns and duration of sleep

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what is the Restoration Sleep Theory by Zager ?

that the proper functioning of our immune system is dependent on sleep

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what are the two Ontogenesis Sleep Theory ?

Morrisey: REM sleep prevents apoptosis in developing brain and therefore allows for brain development

Marks: REM sleep helps with brain maturation through neural activity

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how does sleep affect memory ?

sleep deprivation hinders working memory

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what are the three categories of sleep disorders ?

1- dyssomnia
2- parasomnia
3- sleep disorders associated with mental/neurologic disorders

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what is dyssomnia ?

disorder that produce either difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep

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what are the three types of dyssomnias ?

intrinsic, extrinsic, circadian rhythm

what is parasomnia ?

disorders that intrude into the sleep process

what are parasomnia manifestations of ?

CNS activation during sleep

what are the four types of parasomnias ?

arousal disorders, sleep-wake transition disorders, parasomnias in REM sleep, other

what are the three characteristics of mild insomnia ?

almost nightly insufficient sleep, very little/no social impairment, sometimes irritability and daytime fatigue

what are the three characteristics of moderate insomnia ?

nightly insufficient sleep, mild-moderate social impairment, always rritability and daytime fatigue

what are the three characteristics of severe insomnia ?

nightly insufficient sleep, severe social impairment, severe irritability and daytime fatigue

what does psychophysiologic insomnia develop from ?

somatized tension and learned sleep preventing associations, also a preoccupation with not being able to sleep

what proportion of insomniacs have psychophysiologic insomnia ?

15%

what is hypersomnia ?

periods of extreme somnolence, 18-20 hrs/day can last several days to several weeks more common in males

what is bruxism ?

grinding and clenching teeth while sleeping

what are the consequences of bruxism ?

jaw pain, tooth wear, headaches, personal problems

what percent of the population has bruxism ?

what is sleep enuresis ?

bed wetting

what is the bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep ?

daytime stress and HPA axis activation leads to poor sleep, which leads to increased daytime stress

what hormones increase following sleep deprivation?

corticosterone and ACTH

sleep problems affect how a response to a stressor ?

lower cortisol levels

in a study by Lauer and Lund where participants watched a film with disturbing content before going to bed, how did that affect sleep ?

pre-sleep emotion linked to REM density and duration as well as more interrupted sleep

in a study by Germain et al where participants were told they would be evaluated the next day on a public speech, how did that affect sleep ?

increase in REM density

how does work strain affect sleep ?

high strain work worsens the quality of sleep

in a study by Rauer et al with married couples, what did they find ?

sleep facilitated by feelings of safety, trust and security in partner leads to better sleep. psychological abuse predicted more sleep problems

what is hypersomnia comorbid with ?

depression symptoms

how is stress related to bruxism ?

bruxers have less positive coping strategies, and more anticipated stress for next day

how does stress affect bed wetting ?

it doesn't contribute as a primary stress factor, but can make it worse (bladder contractions)

what is the personality trait most associated with poor sleep ?

neuroticism

what is daytime sensitivity to poor sleep ?

when you worry about not getting enough sleep (eg in neurotic people)

what is the link between neuroticism, conscientiousness, and sleep quality ?

neuroticism predicts bad sleep conscientiousness predicts better sleep high neuroticism and low conscientiousness individuals reported more social and academic problems

what is rumination ?

continuously thinking about problems that have occurred

what happens in a study where you put high and low ruminators in rumination and distraction conditions ?

no difference in distraction condition in rumination condition, high trait ruminators report more sleep disturbance low trait ruminators- no difference between conditions

what is the relationship between stress and dream content ?

stress increases negative dreams