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Psychology > 11 and 12- Immune Function and Stress and Autoimmune Diseases > Flashcards

11 and 12- Immune Function and Stress and Autoimmune Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what is immunity?

A

the ability of the body to fight infection and/or foreign invaders by producing antibodies or killing infected cells.

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2
Q

what is the immune system ?

A

the system responsible for maintaining homeostasis by recognizing harmful from nonharmful organisms and produces an appropriate response

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3
Q

what are foreign invaders called ?

A

pathogens

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4
Q

what are antigens ?

A

toxins that pathogens produce that cause harm to an organism

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5
Q

what are the four parts of the immune system ?

A

thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

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6
Q

what does the thymus gland do ?

A

produces T lymphocytes

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7
Q

what does the bone marrow do?

A

produces B lymphocytes

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8
Q

what are the two functions of the skin in the immune response ?

A

1) provides physical barrier

2) provides chemical barrier

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9
Q

what is the first line of defense ?

A

the skin

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10
Q

what is the property of second line of defense ?

A

a nonspecific immune response

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11
Q

what are the 4 defenses of the nonspecific immune response ?

A

phagocytosis, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever

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12
Q

what is the property of the third line of defense ?

A

a specific immune response

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13
Q

what is the main feature of the third line of defense ?

A

creation of antibodies

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14
Q

what are the two cells proper to the third line of defense ?

A

B and T cells

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15
Q

what are antibodies produced by ?

A

B- cells

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16
Q

what are the functions of antibodies ?

A

recognize antigens, bind to and deactivate them

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17
Q

what is the primary immune response ?

A

response to an invader the first time the invader infects the body
no measurable immune response at first, antibody production grows steadily for 10-15 days

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18
Q

what is the secondary immune response ?

A

a more rapid response to an invader

antibody production increases dramatically and in a much shorter time period

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19
Q

what is active immunity ?

A

the body actively producing antibodies

eg vaccination

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20
Q

what is vaccination ?

A

injection of a weakened strain of an infectious microbe that causes the body to undergo active immunity

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21
Q

what is passive immunity

A

antibodies given to a person from the blood of another person or animal
immunity only lasts for a period of time
eg breastfeeding

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22
Q

what is an allergy ? ?

A

an exaggerated response from the immune system to an allergen

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23
Q

what are the two types of allergic reactions ?

A

immediate and delayed

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24
Q

how do NE and E alter lymphocytes ? what does this mean ?

A

immediate: increase in lymphocytes, natural killer cells
longer: decrease in natural killer cells

therefore initial stress response increases immunity
but longer stress will decrease it

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25
Q

what kind of stress is the biggest risk factor ?

A

daily hassles, because they do not resolve

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26
Q

what effect does cortisol have on immune function ?

A

inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and production of cytokines

27
Q

what kind of stressors is our body designed for ?

A

short term stressor

28
Q

how does aging affect the immune system, for example when it comes to responses to influenza vaccine ?

A

caregiving is a major stress, and stress can accelerate the effects of aging on inflammation
avg caregiver has 4 time increase in IL-6

29
Q

why are studies about stress and cancer inconsistent in humans ?

A

cancer is a heterogenous disease with many risk factors.

30
Q

what are the ways in which chronic stress may cause cancer (3)

A
  • disregulate DNA repair
  • suppression of immune system, increase of virus associated with cancers
  • promote tumor growth
31
Q

what are the two ways in which stress affects disease ?

A

may cause it or help progress it

affects recovery

32
Q

what population is more likely to have a URTI ?

A

children that are stressed

33
Q

how does wound healing change after an emotional disclosure intervention ?

A

writing about a traumatic event and focus on emotions will enhance wound healing- significantly smaller wounds after biopsy compared to those who wrote about time management

34
Q

at the site of a wound, what will be found in participants with high cortisol levels ?

A

a lower immune response (lower levels of cytokines)

35
Q

what is inflammation ?

A

Body’s reaction to infection, irritation or other injuries

Part of the immune response

Allows for different components of the immune response to be brought to the compromised site

36
Q

what are the two kind of autoimmune disorders ?

A

systemic autoimmune disease and localized autoimmune disease

37
Q

what is systemic or non organ specific autoimmune disease ?

A

those that damage many organs

38
Q

what are 4 examples of systemic autoimmune disease

A

rheumatoid arthritis
sjogren’s syndrome
lupus erythematosus
scleroderma

39
Q

what is localized or organ-specific autoimmune disease ?

A

one single tissue or organ affected

40
Q

what are 4 examples of localized autoimmune disease

A

type 1 diabetes
hashimotos’ thyroiditis
celiac disease
crohn disease

41
Q

can you have more than one autoimmune disease ?

A

yes

42
Q

explain the main mechanism of autoimmune response

A

In a few types of autoimmune disease (such as rheumatic fever), a bacteria or virus triggers an immune response, and the antibodies or T-cells attack normal cells because they have some part of their structure that resembles a part of the structure of the infecting microorganism.

43
Q

what could be the main T-cell risk factor in autoimmune disease

A

t cell receptor dysfunction

44
Q

what gender is most affected by autoimmune disease

A

women

45
Q

what are the common symptoms of autoimmune disease (5)

A 
fatigue
affect on weight
muscle pain 
insomnia
inflammation
46
Q

what is Crohn’s disease ?

A

inflammation of GI tract

47
Q

what are the two kinds of risk factors in Crohn’s ?

A

genetic and environmental

48
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis ?

A

inflammation of synovial joints, leading to destruction of articular cartilage

49
Q

which gender most affected by RA? what ratio ?

A

women, 3:1

50
Q

what is multiple sclerosis ?

A

inflammation leading to demyelination of axons in the brain and spinal cord

51
Q

what works as a trigger for MS ?

A

infection

52
Q

what is the full name of lupus ?

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

53
Q

what is lupus ?

A

inflammation anywhere in body

54
Q

what gender is more likely to be affected by lupus ? by what ratio ?

A

women, 9:1

55
Q

which ethnicity more likely to have lupus ?

A

non european

56
Q

how many different autoimmune diseases are there ?

A

70-80

57
Q

what percentage of US population affected by AD ?

A

3-8%

58
Q

what % of ppl suffering from AD are women ?

A

80

59
Q

how does stress predispose to AD development ?

A

Alteration of one or many components of the
immune system

Increased susceptibility to infectious diseases

60
Q

what frequently precedes exacerbation of MS ?

A

respiratory viral infection

61
Q

how does childhood stress affect likelihood to develop autoimmune disorder ?

A

dose response relationship

62
Q

childhood stress creates what long term changes which affect AD ? (3)

A
  • decreased cortisol levels
  • repeated immune activation during development
  • more social stress
63
Q

what kind of stress exacerbates lupus

A

daily stress

64
Q

what hormone will increase with daily stress in lupus

A

prolactin

Psychology (19 decks)

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