11 and 12- Immune Function and Stress and Autoimmune Diseases

Question 1

what is immunity?

Answer 1

the ability of the body to fight infection and/or foreign invaders by producing antibodies or killing infected cells.

Question 2

what is the immune system ?

Answer 2

the system responsible for maintaining homeostasis by recognizing harmful from nonharmful organisms and produces an appropriate response

Question 3

what are foreign invaders called ?

Answer 3

pathogens

Question 4

what are antigens ?

Answer 4

toxins that pathogens produce that cause harm to an organism

Question 5

what are the four parts of the immune system ?

Answer 5

thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

Question 6

what does the thymus gland do ?

Answer 6

produces T lymphocytes

Question 7

what does the bone marrow do?

Answer 7

produces B lymphocytes

Question 8

what are the two functions of the skin in the immune response ?

Answer 8

1) provides physical barrier

2) provides chemical barrier

Question 9

what is the first line of defense ?

Answer 9

the skin

Question 10

what is the property of second line of defense ?

Answer 10

a nonspecific immune response

Question 11

what are the 4 defenses of the nonspecific immune response ?

Answer 11

phagocytosis, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever

Question 12

what is the property of the third line of defense ?

Answer 12

a specific immune response

Question 13

what is the main feature of the third line of defense ?

Answer 13

creation of antibodies

Question 14

what are the two cells proper to the third line of defense ?

Answer 14

B and T cells

Question 15

what are antibodies produced by ?

Answer 15

B- cells

Question 16

what are the functions of antibodies ?

Answer 16

recognize antigens, bind to and deactivate them

Question 17

what is the primary immune response ?

Answer 17

response to an invader the first time the invader infects the body
no measurable immune response at first, antibody production grows steadily for 10-15 days

Question 18

what is the secondary immune response ?

Answer 18

a more rapid response to an invader

antibody production increases dramatically and in a much shorter time period

Question 19

what is active immunity ?

Answer 19

the body actively producing antibodies

eg vaccination

Question 20

what is vaccination ?

Answer 20

injection of a weakened strain of an infectious microbe that causes the body to undergo active immunity

Question 21

what is passive immunity

Answer 21

antibodies given to a person from the blood of another person or animal
immunity only lasts for a period of time
eg breastfeeding

Question 22

what is an allergy ? ?

Answer 22

an exaggerated response from the immune system to an allergen

Question 23

what are the two types of allergic reactions ?

Answer 23

immediate and delayed

Question 24

how do NE and E alter lymphocytes ? what does this mean ?

Answer 24

immediate: increase in lymphocytes, natural killer cells
longer: decrease in natural killer cells

therefore initial stress response increases immunity
but longer stress will decrease it

Question 25

what kind of stress is the biggest risk factor ?

Answer 25

daily hassles, because they do not resolve

Question 26

what effect does cortisol have on immune function ?

Answer 26

inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and production of cytokines

Question 27

what kind of stressors is our body designed for ?

Answer 27

short term stressor

Question 28

how does aging affect the immune system, for example when it comes to responses to influenza vaccine ?

Answer 28

caregiving is a major stress, and stress can accelerate the effects of aging on inflammation avg caregiver has 4 time increase in IL-6

Question 29

why are studies about stress and cancer inconsistent in humans ?

Answer 29

cancer is a heterogenous disease with many risk factors.

Question 30

what are the ways in which chronic stress may cause cancer (3)

Answer 30

- disregulate DNA repair - suppression of immune system, increase of virus associated with cancers - promote tumor growth

Question 31

what are the two ways in which stress affects disease ?

Answer 31

may cause it or help progress it | affects recovery

Question 32

what population is more likely to have a URTI ?

Answer 32

children that are stressed

Question 33

how does wound healing change after an emotional disclosure intervention ?

Answer 33

writing about a traumatic event and focus on emotions will enhance wound healing- significantly smaller wounds after biopsy compared to those who wrote about time management

Question 34

at the site of a wound, what will be found in participants with high cortisol levels ?

Answer 34

a lower immune response (lower levels of cytokines)

Question 35

what is inflammation ?

Answer 35

Body’s reaction to infection, irritation or other injuries Part of the immune response Allows for different components of the immune response to be brought to the compromised site

Question 36

what are the two kind of autoimmune disorders ?

Answer 36

systemic autoimmune disease and localized autoimmune disease

Question 37

what is systemic or non organ specific autoimmune disease ?

Answer 37

those that damage many organs

Question 38

what are 4 examples of systemic autoimmune disease

Answer 38

rheumatoid arthritis sjogren's syndrome lupus erythematosus scleroderma

Question 39

what is localized or organ-specific autoimmune disease ?

Answer 39

one single tissue or organ affected

Question 40

what are 4 examples of localized autoimmune disease

Answer 40

type 1 diabetes hashimotos' thyroiditis celiac disease crohn disease

Question 41

can you have more than one autoimmune disease ?

Answer 41

yes

Question 42

explain the main mechanism of autoimmune response

Answer 42

In a few types of autoimmune disease (such as rheumatic fever), a bacteria or virus triggers an immune response, and the antibodies or T-cells attack normal cells because they have some part of their structure that resembles a part of the structure of the infecting microorganism.

Question 43

what could be the main T-cell risk factor in autoimmune disease

Answer 43

t cell receptor dysfunction

Question 44

what gender is most affected by autoimmune disease

Answer 44

women

Question 45

what are the common symptoms of autoimmune disease (5)

Answer 45

``` fatigue affect on weight muscle pain insomnia inflammation ```

Question 46

what is Crohn's disease ?

Answer 46

inflammation of GI tract

Question 47

what are the two kinds of risk factors in Crohn's ?

Answer 47

genetic and environmental

Question 48

what is rheumatoid arthritis ?

Answer 48

inflammation of synovial joints, leading to destruction of articular cartilage

Question 49

which gender most affected by RA? what ratio ?

Answer 49

women, 3:1

Question 50

what is multiple sclerosis ?

Answer 50

inflammation leading to demyelination of axons in the brain and spinal cord

Question 51

what works as a trigger for MS ?

Answer 51

infection

Question 52

what is the full name of lupus ?

Answer 52

systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 53

what is lupus ?

Answer 53

inflammation anywhere in body

Question 54

what gender is more likely to be affected by lupus ? by what ratio ?

Answer 54

women, 9:1

Question 55

which ethnicity more likely to have lupus ?

Answer 55

non european

Question 56

how many different autoimmune diseases are there ?

Answer 56

70-80

Question 57

what percentage of US population affected by AD ?

Answer 57

3-8%

Question 58

what % of ppl suffering from AD are women ?

Answer 58

80

Question 59

how does stress predispose to AD development ?

Answer 59

Alteration of one or many components of the immune system Increased susceptibility to infectious diseases

Question 60

what frequently precedes exacerbation of MS ?

Answer 60

respiratory viral infection

Question 61

how does childhood stress affect likelihood to develop autoimmune disorder ?

Answer 61

dose response relationship

Question 62

childhood stress creates what long term changes which affect AD ? (3)

Answer 62

- decreased cortisol levels - repeated immune activation during development - more social stress

Question 63

what kind of stress exacerbates lupus

Answer 63

daily stress

Question 64

what hormone will increase with daily stress in lupus

Answer 64

prolactin