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Kin574 Sport & Exercise Psych > 9. Group Dynamics > Flashcards

9. Group Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

Group Dynamics:
Groups in PE & Sport

A

2 or more people, Working together toward common goal

Bound by traits
- Common fate/goals, mutual benefit, shared norms, interdependence

Definition by context
- Sport = generally formally defined
- Phys activity = can be less formal or temporary

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2
Q

Group Dynamics:
Conceptual Framework for Sport:
Founding Researcher

A
  • Albert Carron; foremost expert on group dynamics
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3
Q

Group Dynamics
Conceptual Framework for Sport: 2 Influencing Factors

A
  1. Member Attributes
    * what members bring to the table, can be positively or negatively regarded
  2. Group Environment
    * Not limited to phys environment, also overall climate

Both factors feed into group structure

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4
Q

Group Dynamics
Conceptual Framework for Sport: 3 Impacted Factors

A
  1. Group Structure
    * Can change over time, but takes a lot of effort to change an established group structure
    * Ex) team captain who believes in you or doesn’t can impact structure

–>

  1. Group Cohesion
    * Different factors impact amount of cohesion (cliques, etc)

–>

  1. Group processes
    * How they train, how they perform
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5
Q

Group Dynamics
Conceptual Framework for Sport: 2 Output Factors

A
  1. Individual Outcomes
  2. Team Outcomes
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6
Q

Group Dynamics
Conceptual Framework for Sport: Example

A

Dr. W collegiate swimteam

Beginning:
- Member Attributes: clear member attributes and role expectations
- Group environment: quite negative – initially very superficial, cordial

–>

Middle:
- Group structure: not supportive, high expectations
- Group cohesion: no trust, a lot of fear, talking behind people’s backs, coach aware but didn’t intervene
- Group processes: perception was they were supposed to win, but uneasy feelings

–>
End:
- Outcomes: holistically, very poor. Worst ever performances for some members.

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7
Q

Group Dynamics
Performance Related Behaviors: Founding Researchers

A

McEwan & Beauchamp

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8
Q

Group Dynamics
Performance Related Behaviors: Overview

A
  • Preparation: goal setting, analytical activities/approaches
  • Execution: communication and coordination
  • Evaluation: actual performance vs. initial objectives, feedback, reflection
  • Adjustment: developing strategies to overcome obstacles and challenges
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9
Q

Group Dynamics
Performance Related Behaviors: Examples

A

Preparation: goal setting, analytical activities/approaches
* Have goal to win + design on specifically how to win
* Analytical procedures can include:
o Watch opponents game film
o Watch own practice film

Execution: communication and coordination
* Communicating and coordinating game plan
o “know your job, do your job”

Evaluation: actual performance vs. initial objectives, feedback, reflection
* If it was a success, how was it a success
* If it wasn’t, what was failing
* Areas for improvement
* Revisiting original directions

  • *if evaluation delivered negatively, diminishes desire to persist

Adjustment: developing strategies to overcome obstacles and challenges
* How will you approach the next game or next time you face that team

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10
Q

Group Dynamics
Group Structure

A

Individuals in a group have defined roles that are formal or informal
* can be focused around the task or achieving social harmony within the group

group norms are established
* expectations for the standards of behavior

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11
Q

Group Dynamics
Group Structure: Group Norm Examples in Sport & PE

A

in sport:
* how athletes interact with one another, how they communicate, how much effort they put forth, how they support one another
o i.e captain calling out lack of effort – sets norm that that accountability will exist in that way

in ex & pa:
* what to wear, what types of exercises to do
o expected attire at gym different than dress code, based on social influence of group norm
o specific machines are most popular

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12
Q

Group Dynamics
Cohesion

A

difficult to define –> abstract concept

“dynamic process which is reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs”

  • ‘satisfaction of affective needs’: what is salient to the person is satisfying to the person
  •  Ex: if dodgers series had been closer, would have been bummed that they didn’t dominate but would have needs satisfied that they rose up to the challenge
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13
Q

Group Dynamics
Cohesion: 4 Main Characteristics

A
  1. Multidimensional
  2. Dynamic
  3. Instrumental
  4. Affective
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14
Q

Group Dynamics
Cohesion Characteristic 1

A

Multidimensional:
Many factors contribute to cohesion, and vary from group to group

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15
Q

Group Dynamics
Cohesion Characteristic 2

A

Dynamic:
varies across time, not a stable attribute
* ex: player trades, graduations –> group composition changes

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16
Q

Group Dynamics
Cohesion Characteristic 3

A

Instrumental:
each group has its own reasons for forming and remaining together
* ex: sandlot movie, there are reasons for them coming together

17
Q

Group Dynamics
Cohesion Characteristic 4

A

Affective:
cohesion is associated with positive affect
* i.e. keeps you coming back
* if negative affect, will increase chances of avoidance

18
Q

Group Dynamics
Cohesion: Conceptual Framework

A

Each member holds perceptions about the team
- Ex) person who has won 1 championship vs 10 will have different perceptions

And how much the group satisfies his/her own personal needs and objectives
- Strength of these perceptions account for why groups stick together
——- Ex) standout athlete may be offered more money or better chance at championship on another team and decide to leave (individual needs and objectives)

Measurement includes:

  1. Individual attractions to the group
    - Individual perceptions about own motivations to stay in group and how appealing the group is to be in
    - i.e. important for the person to feel they want to be part of said group)
    - task & social
    —— Task: general goals of group
    —— Social: social connection it affords them
    —— Ex) ohtani meme
  2. Group integration
    - Perceptions about closeness, similarity, and bonding within group as a whole
    - Task & social
    —— Task:
    ——- Social:
19
Q

Cohesion
Influencing Factors Overview

A
  • Group size
  • Competitive level
20
Q

Cohesion
Influencing Factor: Group Size

A
  • Cohesion can decrease as group size increase
  • Possibly due to lack of ability to communicate or coordinate effectively
  • Larger groups = more absences, less participation, greater disagreements
  • *depends on specific sport and task
21
Q

Cohesion
Influencing Factor: Competitive Level

A
  • Social cohesion can decrease as competitive level increases
  • task cohesion can increase as competitive level increases
  • social cohesion more prevalent at younger age levels
22
Q

Cohesion
Cohesion & Performance

A

social cohesion can be beneficial for performance, but not always necessary
* ex) German rowing teams 1960s: poor interpersonal relationships and team conflict, still won championship
* ex) Carli Lloyd and polarizing political views

sometimes unsuccessful teams have better social cohesion
* if focus is too much on social aspect, task can be ignored

social cohesion may impact performance indirectly through these more direct outcomes:
* satisfaction
* adherence
* enjoyment

23
Q

Group Processes
Coordination

A
  • many team sports require coordinated actions ot be successful
  • coordination: “arranging team members’ actions so that, when they are combined, they are in suitable relation for the most effective result”
24
Q

Group Processes
Dimensions of Coordination

A

type + timing + location

the right type of action, has to be timed appropriately, and done in the correct place

synchronized & sequential
* synchronized: diving, swimming, etc
* sequential: passing in soccer, offensive plays – each person required to perform own differing role, but in succession or together

25
Q

Group Processes
How Teams Coordinate: Overview

A
  • explicit planning
  • shared knowledge
26
Q

Group Processes
How Teams Coordinate: Explicit Planning

A

Specific plays executed in order
Sequences planned out in advance
* Developed and trained through pre-process and post-process coordination

27
Q

Group Processes
How Teams Coordinate: Shared Knowledge

A

Knowledge of what other athletes will likely do in a given situation
* Not necessarily planned ahead of time

Gained through:
* Playing the sport in general
o What do athletes in specific positions usually do? What typically happens?
* Playing and competing on specific teams
o i.e. familiarity with teammates; what do specific athletes typically do? Anticipatory.

28
Q

Group Processes
Types of Group Tasks: Founding Researcher

A

Steiner

29
Q

Group Processes
Types of Group Tasks: Overview

A

Group tasks can sometimes be divided by categorizing them into separate sub-tasks

Examples:
* Individual or cooperative skills
* Offense
* Defense
* By Particular ways groups work together

30
Q

Group Processes
Types of Group Tasks: Typology

A
  1. Coactive
  2. Additive
  3. Disjunctive
  4. Conjunctive

Each requires a different degree of dependency on one another
* i.e. How much do group members need to coordinate with one another
o varies depending on the sport
o sometimes separated into interacting and co-acting subgroups
o if there is a particular coach player most closely works with based on particular skill, this can influence how they then interact with teammates (based on what you have them focus on)
assumes athletes/exercisers are of different abilities

31
Q

Group Processes
Types of Group Tasks: Coactive

A

working alone, individually…but alongside others

outcome is NOT dependent on how others do
* even in many individual sports, outcome is still influenced by others, even inf not dependent
* this is seen more often in exercise or training

idea of social facilitation: presence of others still can influence effort
* ex) orange theory, or sports setting where everyone doing same set/same training
* ex) joint suffering, ‘at least we’re in it together’

research example:
* when running alone on path, runners speed up when another runner present (worringham & messick)

32
Q

Group Processes
Types of Group Tasks: Additive

A

everyone’s effort contributes to the outcome
* sum of everyone’s effort can be greater than what any one individual can do on their own

additive tasks x social loafing
* can result in social loafing (people don’t feel personally responsible for outcome)
* how to prevent:
o make everyone’s effort visible
o incorporate evaluation of everyone’s individual effort

33
Q

Group Processes
Types of Group Tasks: Disjunctive

A

the best person’s effort is what counts
* ex) generally seen in team sports for offensive situations
o choosing who shoots a free throw after a technical, or PKs

34
Q

Group Processes
Types of Group Tasks: Conjunctive

A

Dependency on the ‘weakest’ member of the team
- Ex) team pursuit in speed skating, rowing

Kohler Effect:
- Otto kohler on work with german rowers
- The weakest link will put forth a lot more effort when:
o 1. Knows or fears that they are the weakest link
—— Involves social comparison
o AND
o 2. Their effort is public and evaluated (i.e. everyone knows it’s dependent on them)

35
Q

Group Processes
Group Task Types: Can Multiple Task Types Exist Together?

A

Most team sports switch back and forth

We can’t necessarily change or manipulate sport settings to influence effort, but we can change practice or training sessions
* How are task types different during practice or game situations?
* What can you change from one task type to another?

36
Q

Group Dynamics
Conclusions

A

Cohesion in an important part of team sports AND ALSO aspects of individual sports
* Ex)

Many ways that we can influence team cohesion
* Just because something brings athletes together does not mean it’s always positive
o Ex) negative coaching behaviors can unite a team against coach
o Still want to avoid the other negative outcomes that can occur

Optimal team building:
* incorporates both task and social components with positive, healthy outcomes

Kin574 Sport & Exercise Psych (12 decks)

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