11. Development Programs Flashcards
Development
- Inclusive of mental and physical development within sport, PA, and exercise
- Purpose & objectives differ between each
Youth Development: Biggest Challenge
ACCESS
(AND OPPORTUNITY)
Research indicates opportunity must be available first
* Types of opportunity, what they would include
o Ex) recreation: requires parks/facilities to be available for immediate community
* Time constraints may exist depending on support system flexibility to get you to the program or lesson
o Ex) wanting to play for Danville but mom drew the line at San Ramon
Ex) swimming
* Existence of a pool in proximity. Money for lessons. Someone to get you to and from.
Reality: opportunities are not readily or equally available for all families
Youth Development Entails:
Physical, emotional, cognitive
Research supports that social interaction at young age is important
* to understand:
o Social cues
o Behaviors
o Cultures in different settings
* Teaches children how to
o React
o Cope
o Adjust to different social settings
o Adaptations across contexts has shown to teach child to apply skills to novel situations
Skills transfer is emphasis of a lot of development programs (develop skill, recognize when you can use it in another setting)
Youth Development: Examples
- Learning what was acceptable in classroom vs at recess
- Benefits of daycare provides interaction with kids from different background (not all necessarily positive, can learn bad habits too)
Positive Youth Development: Researchers & Background
- Pepitas et al
- Catalano et al
Positive Youth Development: Key Areas & Factors
Key areas
* 1. Skill transfer
o In order to pull thread through, not only is individual able to recognize when to do it in certain context, can also recognize when to do it in new settings
Critical thinking
* 2. Prosocial behavior
Key factors
* Internal factors: how does program support individual
* External factors: what factors are presnt to push the individual farther (equipment, etc)
* Significant others: what level of impact do others have on the program related to skill transfer and pro-social behavior
Examples
* Scouts, piano, wilderness programs
*Positive Youth Development: *
Measure & Founding Researchers
- Lerner et al
- Programs require assessment – are they doing what they say they are and is it ethical
*Positive Youth Development: *
Lerner et al Research
- Concepts related to long-term development from childhood well into adulthood
- Notion of creating individuals who could positively contribute to society
- Learn to problem solve and cope when experience failure
- 5 c’s (Competence, Connection, Confidence, Character, Caring/Compasion, Contribution*)
*Youth Development: *
Expectancy-Value Theory: Researcher
Eccles et al
*Youth Development: *
Expectancy-Value Theory: Overview
- High levels of interest and enjoyment to sustain participation and performance expectations
- Have to have level of buy-in from one providing access (parent) but also need buy in from child, which at that age usually comes in form of interest/enjoyment
*Youth Development: *
Social Benefits
- Coaches
- Peers – free play, creativity
- Parents
*Youth Development: *
Play: Structured/Unstructured
Structured
* Rules
* Establishment of game
* Often created by an adult
* Social pressures by adults
* Established leagues/teams
* Policies
Free/unstructured
* Children make rules
* Encourages group to discuss
* Talk things out
* Make solutions for loopholes
* Children create teams
* Each time game is played, there may be slight variations (rules not cemented)
Youth Development:
Play: Physiological Factors
Maturation vs biological age
Growth plates in children
* Factors related to overplay / overtraining
Stress induced injuries
* Tommy john
* Implications for future participation
*Youth Development: *
Development Programs with Specific Aims
- Important for development programs to have specific objectives
*Youth Development: *
Factors
- Kind of support and education parents receive
- Specializiation
* Can lead to injuries, other behaviors related to body image concerns
* During development, research has supported the encouragement of diversifying activities until young adulthood
o Exposure to movement and activities using gross and fine motor skills
o Activities with hand-eye help with coordination and wiring of the brain
