9. Glycogen Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

How are residues and branches linked and what is the percentage of each?

A

Residues: a-1,4-glycosidic bonds: 93%
Branches: a-1,6-glycosidic bonds: 7%

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2
Q

Main storage sites

A

Liver and muscle

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3
Q

What is glucostat used for?

A

Maintain BG levels to balance out episodic nature of food intake

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4
Q

Role of adrenaline in glycogenolysis

A

Fight or flight response induces glycogen breakdown, frequently too

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5
Q

In glycogenesis, what is the ratio of ATP:Glucose?

A

2:1

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6
Q

What is the active form of glucose?

A

UDP-Glucose

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7
Q

What enzyme creates glycogen?

A

Glycogen synthase

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8
Q

Which 3 enzymes are needed to synthesise glycogen?

A

UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase
Glycogen Synthase
Branching Enzyme (amylo-1,4 -> 1,6-transglycosylase)

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9
Q

What is glucosyl residue from UDP-glucose used for?

A

Transferred to non reducing end of glycogen to form an a-1,4-glycosidic bond

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10
Q

Why is the primer glycogenin needed?

A

Glycogen synthase is only able to extend an existing chain

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11
Q

Catabolic process that results in the formation of free glucose or G-6-P

A

Glycogenolysis

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12
Q

What enzyme degrades glycogen?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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13
Q

What is released when glycogen is degraded?

A

Glucose-1-phosphate

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14
Q

At which end is glycogen degraded?

A

Non-reducing end

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15
Q

How many G-1-P residues are released per branch point?

A

7-9

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16
Q

Give two reasons why glycogen breakdown is rapid

A

Cascade mechanism

Multiple branch points

17
Q

3 enzymes needed for glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase
Transferase
Glycogen debranching enzyme

18
Q

What converts G-1-P to G-6-P?

A

Phosphoglucomutase

19
Q

What is the fate of G-6-P in the liver and muscles?

A

Liver has G-6-Phosphotase; release free glucose for export

Muscle; must use locally in glycolysis

20
Q

Can glycogenesis and glycogenolysis occur at the same time and why?

A

No

Hydrolysis of UTP-Glucose prevented by futile cycle

21
Q

How are glycogenesis and glycogenolysis controlled?

A

Allosteric regulation

Hormonal control (insulin, glucagon and adrenaline)

Covalent modification of phosphorylases and synthases

22
Q

Explain the effects of adrenaline and glucagon on glycogen regulation

A

Increase glycogen breakdown by stimualtion glycogen phosphorylase, also reducing glycogen synthase activity

23
Q

Explain the effects of insulin on glycogen regulation

A

Increases glycogen synthase activity

Reduces glycogen phosphorylase activity

24
Q

When is glucagon released and by which cell and in which organ?

A

a-cells of pancreas

25
Q

Which organ does glucagon act on?

A

Liver

26
Q

How is glucose released?

A

Into the bloodstream

27
Q

Explain how the glycogen cascade is stopped

A

Adrenaline level falls; dissociates from receptor
cAMP synthesis stops
Existing cAMP to 5’ cAMP by cAMP phosphodiesterase
Decline in cAMP shuts off activation cascade
Phosphorylated enzymes restored by dephosphorylation