2. Chew, Taste and Swallow

Question 1

What are lips and cheeks composed of?

Answer 1

Skeletal muscle embedded in elastic fibro-connective tissue

Question 2

What epithelia are the lips and cheeks lined with?

Answer 2

Stratified squamous

Question 3

Are the lips and cheeks keratinised? Where?

Answer 3

Slightly on the gums, tongue and hard palate

Question 4

Describe the composition of the tongue

Answer 4

Skeletal muscle for the body and root

Covered with a mucous membrane

Question 5

Where does the oesophagus pass down?

Answer 5

Midline of thorax

Pierces diaphragm at oesophageal hiatus

Question 6

What is the oesophagus innervated by?

Answer 6

Vagus nerve

Question 7

Describe the composition of the mucosa and their shape

Answer 7

Non-keratinised, stratified squamous epithelium

Longitudinal folds

Question 8

Describe the composition of the muscularis

Answer 8

Skeletal, transitional and smooth in each portion, respectively

Question 9

What connective tissue is the upper oesophageal sphincter composed of?

Answer 9

Fibrous

Question 10

What is the lower oesophageal sphincter also known as?

Answer 10

Gastro-oesophageal sphincter

Question 11

What receptors detect taste?

Answer 11

Chemoreceptors in taste buds

Question 12

What sense is close to taste?

Answer 12

Smell - 80% of taste is actually smell

Question 13

Name the 5 primary tastes

Answer 13

Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salt
Umami

Question 14

What is a papilla?

Answer 14

The small bumps on the tongue - known as taste buds

Question 15

Name the different types of papillae

Answer 15

Filiform
Fungiform
Circumvallate
Foliate

Question 16

How and how often are taste buds replaced?

Answer 16

7-10 days

Basal stem cell division

Question 17

What are microvilli known as?

Answer 17

Gustatory hairs - receptor membranes

Question 18

How are microvilli surfaced on the epithelium?

Answer 18

Through the pores

Question 19

What are gustatory cells surrounded by?

Answer 19

Dendrites

Question 20

What is aguestia and how is it caused?

Answer 20

Loss of taste

Neuronal damage or medication like penicillamine

Question 21

How many pairs of salivary glands are there? Name them.

Answer 21

3 - Submandibular, Sublingual and Parotid

Question 22

State whether each gland pair is serosal or mucosal and its output

Answer 22

Parotid - Serous - Water + a-Amylase

Submandibular - Mucosal and Serosal - Weak a-Amy;ase and Lysozyme

Sublingual - Mucosal - Thick, Viscous Secretion

Question 23

Describe the protective function of saliva

Answer 23

Bacteriostatic 
IgA
Large volume
Mucins
Alkaline solution

Question 24

What is Sjorgen’s Syndrome?

Answer 24

Autoimmune inflammatory disease

Diabetes, glandular atrophy, medical side effect

Question 25

Salivary gland disorders

Answer 25

Mumps Parotid gland infection by myxovirus Can effect pancreas, ovaries and testes Xerostomia Dry mouth Treated by anticholinergics

Question 26

Number of milk teeth and adult teeth

Answer 26

20 and 30 respectively

Question 27

How are jaw and tongue movements controlled?

Answer 27

Touch, pressure and stretch receptors

Question 28

The three phases of deglutition

Answer 28

Voluntary, pharyngeal and oesophageal