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Nutrition and Energy > 7. Glucose Metabolism > Flashcards

7. Glucose Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Define catabolism

A

Breakdown of complex molecules

Exergonic

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2
Q

Define anabolism

A

Building of complex molecules

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3
Q

How do cells take up energy from their environment?

A

Diet

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4
Q

How do cells synthesise other macromolecules?

A

Energy from diet

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5
Q

4 types of carbohydrates from the diet

A

Starch - Glycogen - Lactose - Sucrose

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6
Q

Which pathway is used to metabolise glucose?

A

Glycolysis

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7
Q

What is the fate of majority of glucose molecules?

A

Used to form ATP

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8
Q

What is the natural level of glucose in the blood?

A

90mg/100ml

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9
Q

What condition affects BG levels?

A

Diabetes

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10
Q

State 4 fates of glucose

A

Amino Acid Synthesis
Glycogen Synthesis
Triglyceride Synthesis
ATP Synthesis

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11
Q

What are the 3 fates of nutrients?

A

Store, serve and supply

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12
Q

How long is the lifespan for each ATP molecule?

A

Roughly 1 minute

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13
Q

What GLUT transporters are used by most tissues?

A

GLUT-1. Not affected by insulin and has a low kM.

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14
Q

What cells use GLUT-2?

A

Hepatocytes

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15
Q

When can glucose not interact with GLUTs?

A

When entering the cell where they are phosphorylated

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16
Q

Which tissues use GLUT-4?

A

Muscle cells and adipocytes

17
Q

Why and where is GLUT-4 inserted?

A

In response to insulin, in the plasma membrane

18
Q

How many steps in glycolysis?

A

10

19
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol

20
Q

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

A

Generate energy

21
Q

Summarise glycolysis

A

6C compound into 2x 3C compounds

22
Q

How many ATP’s are invested into glycolysis?

A

2

23
Q

How many ATP’s are generated in glycolysis?

A

4

24
Q

When is NADH/H generated and how many?

A

Step 6, 2 molecules

25
Q

What is the purpose of NADH/H?

A

Generate ATP in ETC

26
Q

What is the overall yield of ATP in glycolysis?

A

2

27
Q

Fate of glucose in anaerobic conditions

A

Lactate produced - halts after glycolysis.

28
Q

What other carbohydrates are metabolised and how?

A

Galactose - G-6-P pathway

Fructose - hexokinases for F-6-P

29
Q

Which 2 tissues have absolute glucose requirements? Include values

A

Brain - 120g/day

Erythrocytes - 40g/day

30
Q

How many steps of glycolysis are irreversible?

A

3

31
Q

What are the methods of glycolytic regulation?

A

Hormonal control

Allosteric effects of metabolites

32
Q

Key enzymes in regulating glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase

33
Q

Key organs in carbohydrate metabolism and their functions

A

Liver: body’s sink for glucose, storage and synthesis site

Pancreas: produces pancreatic amylases and bicarbonate to aid digestion. Produces insulin from b-cells and glucagon from a-cells

Nutrition and Energy (19 decks)

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