9 - Comparative Anatomy Of The Digestive System ( Ruminant Stomach ) Flashcards
1
Q
What is compound as compared to the simple stomach of the other domestic animals?
A
ruminant stomach (that of Ox and Sheep)
2
Q
ruminant stomach (that of Ox and Sheep) is actually a single stomach modified by marked expansion of the esophageal region into three distinct and voluminous diverticula, the rumen, reticulum, and omasum, collectively known as the?
A
forestomach
3
Q
The Ruminant Stomach consists of four parts:
A
• Rumen
• Reticulum
• Omasum
• Abomasum
4
Q
What represents the true glandular stomach of the ruminant?
A
abomasum
5
Q
What enters the stomach at an area known as the atrium ventriculi?
A
esophagus
6
Q
What is situated at the vertebral extremities of the 8th and 9th ribs, slightly to the left of the mid-line?
A
atrium ventriculi
7
Q
• Known as the “paunch”
• Occupies most of the left half of the abdominal cavity from the 7th intercostals space of the pelvic inlet.
• Its functions as the fermentation trap for the digestion of herbivorous foods.
A
Rumen
8
Q
Internally the rumen subdivided by?
A
muscular pillars
9
Q
R and L longitudinal groove of rumen?
A
Right and left longitudinal pillars
10
Q
Cr and Ca groove of rumen?
A
Cranial and caudal pillars
11
Q
• Also known as the “honeycomb”
• The most cranial and smallest of the non-glandular stomach.
• The greater part lies on the left side of the median plane opposite ribs 6, 7 and 8.
• The mucous membrane of the interior is thrown into ridges forming the typical honeycomb appearance.
A
Reticulum
12
Q
Foreign objects such as wire or nails that are swallowed typically will fall into and remain in the reticulum; contractions of this part of the forestomach may drive sharp objects through the wall of the stomach, leading to?
A
traumatic peritonitis or hardware disease
13
Q
Because of their functional and anatomic relatedness, the reticulum and rumen are often collectively called the?
A
ruminoreticulum
14
Q
The mucosa in the region of the cardia forms two heavy muscular folds that together create a groove extending from the cardia to omasum. This is the?
A
sulcus ruminoreticularis (variously called the esophageal, gastric, or reticular groove).
15
Q
• Known as the “book”
• Lies chiefly on the right side of the mid-line from the 7th to the 11th ribs just caudal to the liver.
• Have short blunt papillae that grind roughages
A
Omasum
16
Q
What animal’s omasum makes contact to the right body wall?
A
Ox
17
Q
What animal’s omasum not in contact with abdominal wall
A
Sheep and goat
18
Q
• The true stomach
• is the first glandular portion of the ruminant digestive system
• An elongated sac which lies chiefly on the abdominal floor.
• The anterior end or fundus is in the xiphoid region
A
Abomasum
19
Q
In order that liquids such as milk can be carried to the omasum and thence to the glandular stomach without having to go through the rumen, or the other proventriculi, two muscular folds form a channel that is continuous with the esophagus.
• This channel is termed as?
A
sulcus ruminoreticularis (esophageal/reticular groove)
20
Q
- Begins at the cardia.
- It passes ventrally on the medial wall of the atrium and reticulum.
- It ends at the reticulo-omasal orifice.
- From there it is continued to the abomasum by the omasal groove.
A
esophageal groove
21
Q
What animal’s rumen constitutes approximately 80% of total stomach capacity?
• Foliate papillae are crenated at free extremity
A
Ox
22
Q
What animal’s rumen 80% of total stomach capacity?
• Papillae are club-shaped.
A
Sheep
23
Q
What animal’s reticulum constitutes 5% of total stomach capacity?
• Walls of the honeycomb are smooth and about half an inch hig
A
Ox
24
Q
What animal’s reticulum constitutes 7-8% of total stomach capacity?
• Walls of the honeycomb are lower than half an inch and serrated
A
Sheep
25
What animal’s omasum constitutes 7-8% of total stomach capacity?
Ox
26
What animal’s omasum constitutes 5% of total stomach capacity?
Sheep
27
What animal’s abomasum constitutes 7-8% of total stomach capacity.
• Related anteriorly in the liver only in the calf.
Ox
28
What animal’s abomasum constitutes 7-8% of total stomach capacity.
• Always related anteriorly to the liver
Sheep
29
What is a tube which connects the stomach with the large intestine?
small intestine
30
What is the fixed part of the small intestine?
Duodenum
31
What is the mesentric part of the small intestine?
Jejunum and ileum
32
The mesenteric part of the small intestine is connected with the dorsal abdominal wall by a double layer of peritoneum termed the?
common mesentery
33
projections on the surface of the mucous membrane which help to increase the surface area of the small intestine
Villi
34
• First division of small intestine , closely attached to the right side of the dorsal body wall by a short mesentery – mesoduodenum
Duodenum
35
Duodenum
• First division, closely attached to the right side of the dorsal body wall by a short mesentery called?
mesoduodenum
36
• Longest part of the small intestine supported by mesojejunum;
• defined by the marked increase in the length of the supporting mesentery
Jejunum
37
Jejunum
• Longest part supported by?
mesojejunum
38
• Short last part of the small intestine supported by mesoileum
Ileum
39
Ileum
• Short last part of the small intestine supported by?
mesoileum
40
scattered nodules of lymphoid tissue in the ileum of small intestine especially notable in ruminants.
Peyer’s patches
41
Great mesentery of small intestine?
mesojejunum and mesoileum
42
What ligament attaches the duodenum to descending colon?
Duodenocolic fold
43
What ligament a fold of mesentery between ileum and cecum?
Ileocecal fold
44
Lobar ducts from the liver forms what duct in the small intestine?
hepatic duct
45
Cystic duct joins what duct in the small intestine?
Bile duct
46
Pancreas has two ducts:
• Dorsal or accessory,
• Ventral.
47
Pancreatic and bile ducts open in what part of the small intestine?
duodenum
48
the “s” shaped curve of the cranial part of the duodenum in horse, ruminant and pig;
• located against the visceral side of the liver
Sigmoid loop
49
the dilated cranial part of the horse duodenum
Duodenal ampulla
50
What is the opening into the cecum in horse?
Ileocecal opening
51
What is the opening into ascending colon of carnivores and ruminants?
Ileocolic opening
52
“T” junction into cecum and ascending colon in ruminant.
Ileocecocolic opening
53
What is the length of horse’s small intestine?
70 feet
54
HORSE:
• 70 feet in length.
• About six inches from the pylorus, the duodenum has a pouch – the?
diverticulum duodeni
55
What is the length of ox’s small intestine?
130 feet
56
What is the length of sheep’s small intestine?
80 feet
57
What is the length of pig’s small intestine?
60 feet
58
What is the length of dog’s small intestine?
13 feet
59
turning or twisting of intestine, cutting off its blood supply.
Torsion of intestine
60
specific term for torsion of the intestine causing obstruction.
Volvulus
61
the segment of intestine inverts into the lumen of the adjacent segment (like a telescope).
Intussusception
62
cutting out of damaged section of intestine and reconnection of the healthy bowel.
Intestinal resection and anastomosis
63
• The large intestine extends from the termination of the ileum to the anus.
• It has much greater diameter than the small intestine.
Large Intestine
64
In farm animals, large intestine often has longitudinal bands running along the outside termed?
taenia
65
The sacculations caused by the constrictions of the taenia are called?
haustra
66
The only that has a large and small colon
Horse
67
What forms a short connection that runs transversely from distal ascending colon to proximal descending colon; it is invariably found running from right to left sides of the abdomen, just cranial to the root of the great mesentery.
transverse colon
68
What is generally relatively straight, running caudad on the left side of the abdomen to the pelvic cavity, where it terminates as the rectum?
descending colon
69
• Located on the abdomens right side; except in pig where it is on the left.
Cecum
70
What animal’s cecum has 2 openings; ileocecal and cecocolic.
Horse
71
have short, straight ascending colon
Carnivores
72
forms a coil, the spiral colon
Pig and ruminants
73
forms a double horse-shoe shaped loop(ascending colon)
Horse
74
pouches located between the inner smooth and outer striated sphincter muscles of the carnivores anus;
• open into the anal canal positions comparable to 4 and 8 o'clock.
Anal sacs
75
the dilated terminal part of the rectum in horse, dog and ox.
Rectal ampulla
76
What animal has the largest and most complex large intestine of any of the domestic animals?
horse
77
The equine diet of grasses necessitates the assistance of microbes for digestion of celluloses, but unlike that of ruminants, the horse’s digestive system defers this fermentation until ingested food reaches the cecum.
• For this reason, horses are often called?
postgastric fermentators or hindgut fermenters
78
• A blind, comma-shaped sac of horse’s large intestine, situated to the right of median plane.
• Described as having a body, a base and an apex
• The base extend in the right side of the pelvic inlet to the floor of the abdominal cavity,
• The apex lies just caudal to the diaphragm on the abdominal floor about 4 inches from the xiphoid cartilage.
• It is the primary site of fermentation in horses
Cecum
79
Horse’s cecum average capacity is about?
33L (about 9 gallons)
80
The ascending colon of horse is highly modified and extremely capacious for which it is commonly referred to as the?
Great Colon
81
Approximately 10 feet in length, horse’s ascending colon consists of four parts that are named according to their position:
• Right ventral colon
• Left ventral colon
• Left dorsal colon
• Right dorsal colon
82
The first parts of the large colon(horse’s ascending colon)are known respectively as the?
right ventral colon, the sternal flexure, and the left ventral colon
83
The first parts of the large colon(horse’s ascending colon)are known respectively as the right ventral colon, the sternal flexure, and the left ventral colon.
• They are arranged like a ?, with the toe forward and the branches directed caudad on either side of the apex of the cecum.
horseshoe
84
At the pelvic inlet, the left ventral colon of the horse’s ascending colon turns sharply dorsad to form the?
pelvic flexure
85
left ventral colon of the horse’s ascending colon then continues craniad as the ?, located just dorsal to the left ventral colon.
left dorsal colon
86
As left dorsal colon of the horse’s ascending colon approaches the diaphragm (just dorsal to the sternal flexure), it bends to the left as the diaphragmatic flexure and then continues a short distance caudad as the?
right dorsal colon
87
The right dorsal colon of the horse’s ascending colon turns again to the left and crosses the midline in front of the root of the great mesentery as the?
transverse colon
88
What is the direct continuation of the horse’s transverse colon?
descending colon (also called the Small Colon)
89
Lenght and diameter of horse’s descending colon?
Approximately 12 feet in length and 4 inches in diameter.
90
Descending colon of the horse terminates within the pelvic cavity as the?
rectum
91
Extends from the pelvic inlet to the anus of horse.
Rectum
92
Rectum termination has a flask-shaped dilation, the?
ampulla recti
93
cecum of the Ox and Sheep has no?
taenia or haustra
94
Diameter of ruminants cecum?
12 cm
95
Proximal part of the colon of ruminants?
Ascending colon
96
ansa proximalis S shape(colon of ruminants)
Proximal loop
97
ansa spiralis; arranged in a flat plane(colon of ruminants)
Spiral loop
98
ansa distalis(colon of ruminants)
Terminal portion
99
What colon of ruminants crosses from right to left, cranial to the cranial mesenteric artery, which supplies the small intestine, the cecum, and the ascending colon, and continues caudad as the descending colon to the rectum
transverse colon
100
An external anal sphincter of striated (i.e., voluntary) muscle and an internal anal sphincter of smooth muscle characterize the walls of the most distal part of the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants as it opens to the exterior of the animal at the?
anus
101
What part of pig’s large intestine is cylindrical?
• It is on the left side and with three taenias
cecum
102
The spiral loop of pig’s large intestine is arranged in what shape? rather than in flat plane
cone shape
103
What part of dog’s large intestine has the spiral twist?
• It is small and fingerlike.
caecum
104
• The liver is the largest gland in the body.
• It is situated obliquely against the visceral surface of the diaphragm.
Liver
105
What love of liver bears the caudate process and an omental or papillary process?
right lobe
106
There is a depression about the middle of the visceral surface of the liver termed?
porta
107
• what animal’s liber has no gall bladder thus no cystic duct;
• hepatic duct joins to form bile duct;
• resembles carnivores except right lobe is undivided and papillary process is also missing as in pig.
• Located obliquely across the diaphragm with the left lobe ventral and the right lobe dorsal
Horse
108
• what animal’s liver right and left lobes are not divided.
• Deep umbilical notch on right border.
• Well-marked renal notch.
• The rumen has moved the liver to the right side of the abdominal cavity.
• The liver is also rotated, with the right lobe dorsal and the left lobe ventral
OX
109
• what animal’s lover is same as in Ox but caudate process not visible from parietal surface.
• Bile duct joins pancreatic duct to form common bile
SHEEP
110
• this animal Individual liver lobules encircled by a heavy connective tissue septa, which gives a lobulated,” cobblestone” appearance;
• Parenchyma has a Morocco leather appearance.
• Well-divided into four main lobes.
• No renal impression.
• Gall bladder is sunk in fossa; similar to carnivores except for lack of papillary process
PIG
111
• what animal’s liver parietal surface is extremely convex.
• Gall bladder visible on parietal surface.
• Right and left lobe divided into lateral and medial; caudate lobe
divided into caudate process and papillary process
DOG
112
inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis
113
surgical removal of the gall bladder
Cholecystectom
114
inflammation of gall bladder
Cholecystitis
115
surgical anastomosis of gall bladder to duodenum
Cholecystoduodenostomy
116
What animal's liver biopsy site is located at the right 12th intercostal space on a line between the tuber coxae and the point of the shoulder, or at the left 8th intercostal space at the level of the deltoid tuberosity, with the needle directed medially, dorsally, and cranially?
Horse
117
What animal's liver biopsy is done at the right 10th or 11th intercostal space, about one-fourth of the rib's bony length ventral to the vertebral column?
Ox
118
What animal's liver biopsy is done through a laparotomy incision just caudal to the xiphoid process, where the left lobe of the liver is held with a finger and the needle is inserted through a separate stab incision?
Dog
119
All domestic animals except the ? have a gallbladder for storage of bile
All domestic animals except the horse have a gallbladder for storage of bile
120
All domestic animals except the horse have a gallbladder for storage of?
bile
121
The liver’s digestive secretion, bile, leaves the liver through hepatic ducts, which join the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the?
common bile duct
122
The liver’s digestive secretion, bile, leaves the liver through hepatic ducts, which join the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct, which then passes to proximal duodenum into the lumen to which it opens in common with the ? on the major duodenal papilla.
pancreatic duct
123
- Is the V-shaped gland composed of two lobes joined by a body.
- It has both an endocrine and an exocrine functions.
pancreas
124
Function of pancreas where the islet cells secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood, which keep the sugar concentrations of the blood at a constant level.
Endocrine
125
Function of pancreas where pancreatic enzymes that aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins are carried to the descending duodenum by pancreatic ducts.
Exocrine
126
• What animal’s pancreas has dorsal and ventral ducts.
• The ventral duct is the larger.
• It enters duodenum accompanied by bile duct at diverticulum duodeni.
• The dorsal or accessory duct ends on papilla opposite diverticulum duodeni.
HORSE
127
• What animal’s pancreas is quadrilateral in shape.
• Has only a dorsal duct which enters the duodenum one foot after the bile duct.
OX
128
• What animal’s pancreas only ventral duct persists.
• It unites with hepatic duct and enters duodenum as common bile duct
SHEEP
129
• What animal’s pancreas is tri-radiate in shape.
• Has single duct.
PIG
130
• Which animal’s pancreas comprised of right and left branches which meet at acute angle behind pylorus.
• Two ducts present.
DOG
131
spleen belongs to what system?
reticulo-endothelial system
132
It is an encapsulated organ which is situated to the left of the median plane in close relation to the left part of the greater curvature of the stomach or the rumen in the case of the Ox and Sheep.
Spleen
133
• Which animal’s spleen is triangular in shape.
• Suspensory ligament present.
Horse
134
• Which animal’s spleen is elongated with thin rounded extremeties.
• Short hilus.
• No suspensory ligament.
Ox
135
• Which of snimal’s spleen is same as of Ox but triangular in shape?
Sheep
136
• Which of animal’s spleen is strap-like.
• Long hilus.
Pig
137
• Which of animal’s spleen is falciform, long and narrow.
• Hilus is longitudinal ridge
Dog
138
What is a thin serous membrane which lines both the abdominal and pelvic cavities?
peritoneum
139
What peritoneum lines the walls of the cavities and extends into diverticuli such as the scrotum?
Parietal peritoneum
140
What peritoneum covers the vicera either totally or partially?
Visceral peritoneum
141
inflammation of the peritoneum
Peritonitis
142
What is a fold of peritoneum which passes from the stomach to other viscera?
omentum
143
What omentum passes from the greater curvature of the stomach and from the spleen to the termination of the large colon and the origin of the small colon.
• Its course encloses potential cavity termed omental bursa.
Greater omentum
144
What links the omental bursa with peritoneal cavity?
foramen of the Winslow
145
What omentum passes from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver?
Lesser omentum
146
which is part of the greater omentum, extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the spleen.
Gastro-splenic omentum
147
What is a fold of peritoneum which attaches the intestine to the dorsal wall of the abdomen. Generally there are two mesenteries.
mesentery
148
What connects most of the small intestine to the abdominal roof?
Common mesentery
149
What attachés the colon to the abdominal roof?
Mesocolon
150
Colic mesentery is continued as?
mesorectum
151
What contains the right and left seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and uterus masculinus in the male, and the uterus in the female where it is termed the broad ligament?
genital fold
