7.1 - Comparative Vascular System Flashcards
the arterial duct system doesn’t close after birth.
Patent ductus arteriosus
normal in calves and of no clinical significance if found in necropsy
Patent foramen ovale (interatrial channel)
– the part of a calf’s aorta between the brachiocephalic trunk and the entrance of the ductus arteriosus
• It is normally smaller than the rest of the aorta and the large ductus arteriosus
• Do not mistake the combined pulmonary trunk, the ductus arteriosus and the descending aorta for an aorta coming out of the right ventricle.
Aortic isthmus
interference with the migration of the heart into the thorax, resulting in the heart being located somewhere other than the thorax (usually in the cervical region)
Ectopia cordis
one type of ASD results when the foramen ovale and second foramen overlap, allowing blood to flow from left to right, resulting in poor oxygenation of blood which can lead to cyanosis
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Atrial septal defect (ASD) – one type of ASD results when the foramen ovale and second foramen overlap, allowing blood to flow from left to right, resulting in poor oxygenation of blood which can lead to?
cyanosis
the right instead of the left 4th aortic arch becomes the aorta.
Persistent right 4th aortic arch
the correct ventricles do not match up with the correct outflow channels.
Transposition of the great vessels
failure of the interventricular septum to close, involving the membranous part of the septum.
Interventricular septal defect (VSD)
Interventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common cardiac anomaly in large animals, it causes?
systolic murmur
this developmental anomaly has four components:
• Pulmonic stenosis
• The aorta over-rides both ventricles
• Ventricular septal defect
• Hypertrophy of the right ventricle
Tetralogy of Fallot
The structure a surgeon must,incise to reach the pericardial cavity (for open heart surgery).
Surgeon’s pericardium
• Acute compression of the heart due to fluid effusion or hemorrhage into the pericardium.
Cardiac Tamponade
• An excessive production and concurrent retarded absorption of pericardial fluid, caused by pericarditis
Hydrops pericardii
Problems in the right side of the heart (pulmonic circulation) cause blood to back up in the ?, filling the abdomen with fluid (ascites) in dogs.
caudal vena cava
Problems in the left side(systemic circulation) cause blood to back up into the?
lungs(congestion of the lungs)
The connective tissue skeleton separating the atria from the ventricles and supplying attachment for the heart valves
• It contains cartilage in all species and two bones called ? in the ox
ossa cordis
Listening to heart sounds by means of a?
stethoscope
Ventricle contraction is called?
systole
Ventricular relaxation called?
diastole
Sound caused by the closure of the AV valves
1st heart sounds (“lub”)
Sound caused by the closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic)
2nd heart sound (‘dub”)
• Listening to heart sounds by means of a stethoscope
Heart Auscultation
To auscultate the heart you need to press up between the?
triceps brachii muscles and thoracic wall
• Or the puncta maxima; the spot on the thoracic wall where a valve sound is loudest
Point of Maximum Intensity (PMI)
PMI on left 3rd ICS at the level of olecranon (low)
Pulmonic valve
PMI on left 4th ICS at the level of shoulder (high)
Aortic valve
PMI on left 5th ICS at the level of the olecranon (low)
Left AV valve
PMI on right 3rd – 4th ICS at the level of olecranon (low)
Right AV valve
• Abnormal sounds caused by blood flow turbulence, due to valvular or nonvalvular problems
Heart Murmurs
a sound due to a leaky or narrowed valve
Valvular murmur
A murmur caused by turbulence due to backflow through a valve not fully closed
Leaky (insufficiency) murmur
a constriction of the opening causing a turbulence past that opening(murmur)
Narrowing (stenosis) murmur
murmur that occurs between the 1st and 2nd heart sounds, when the AV valves should be fully closed and the aortic and pulmonic valves open
Systolic murmur
Murmur that occurs between the 2nd and 1st heart sounds when the aortic and pulmonic valves should be closed and the AV valves opened
Diastolic murmur
Adult round worms (nematodes – Dirofilaria immitis) of the dog live in what ventricle? causing a great strain on the right side of the heart
right ventricle
What is a common term for bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis.
Hardware disease
Sharp metallic objects (most commonly, bits of wire) that are swallowed often accumulate in the?
reticulum
Hardware disease is usually prevented by administering a ? by mouth; which tends to remain in the reticulum, gathers swallowed metallic objects and prevents them from migrating through the wall of the forestomach.
Magnet
In what animals the left coronary artery gives rise to both paraconal and subsinuosal interventricular branches
Dog and ruminants
In what animals the right coronary artery gives rise to the subsinuosal interventricular branch
Horse and pig
In what animal the subsinuosal interventricular branch can arise from either coronary artery, but usually from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery as in the dogs and ruminants
Cat
brachiocephalic and left subclavian arteries arise separately from the aortic arch in what animals?
Carnivores and pig
only the brachiocephalic artery arises from the aortic arch. Both subclavian arteries arise from the brachiocephalic trunk in what animals?
Horse and ruminants
In what animals the vertebral artery arises from the costocervical trunk, thus, the subclavian arteries have only three branches
Ruminant
In what animals the vertebral and the costocervical arteries arise separately, thus, the subclavian arteries have four branches.
Carnivores
the same as the dog on the right – four branches. On the left the deep cervical artery arises from the subclavian, not the costocervical trunk and, thus, the left subclavian has five branches
Horse
in ungulates, the common origin of the two common carotid arteries (in carnivores they arise separately)
Bicarotid trunk
What artery in cats and ruminants the part outside the skull degenerates
Internal carotid artery
the common origin for the lingual and facial artery in horses and ruminants (in the carnivores and pigs they arise separately)
Linguofacial trunk
site of pulse taking in horses
Facial artery
In all species course in the caudal aspects of the ribs. Therefore, an incision to open the thoracic wall (intercostal incision) is made in the middle of the intercostal space
Intercostal vessels and nerve
• the main supply to the digits.
• Proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints (fetlock) it divides into the digital arteries.
Medial palmar (second palmar common digital) artery
• much smaller than the medial palmar artery
Lateral palmar (third palmar common digital) artery
• These arteries pass on the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones and the flexor tendons
Medial and lateral digital (medial and lateral proper common digital) arteries
• the distal continuation of the digital arteries after they enter the solar canal through the solar foramina
Terminal arch
What artery continues to the distal metacarpus where it becomes the third palmar common digital artery
Median artery
the continuation of the median artery on the medial
Third common palmar digital artery
the continuation of the third common palmar digital artery on the axial sides of the third and fourth digits
Axial palmar proper digital arteries
artery that travels in the dorsal longitudinal groove
Third dorsal metacarpal artery
Most commonly and easily performed venipuncture in the dog is in what vein?
cephalic vein
reduced or absent in the horse. The caudal artery is present as a branch of the caudal gluteal artery.
Median sacral artery
continues ventral to caudal vertebra as the median caudal artery. The accompanying medial caudal vein (tail vein) is often used for collection of blood (“tail bleed”) from adult cattle
Median sacral artery
This artery is the common site for an aneurysm (bulging of the blood vessels) in the horse
Cranial mesenteric artery
Cranial mesenteric artery: a common site for an aneurysm (bulging of the blood vessels) in the horse, caused by the parasitic worm called?
Strongylus vulgaris
the vessels to the spleen must be ligated close to the spleen along the hilus so the short gastric and left gastroepiploic arteries are not compromised
Splenectomy in the carnivores
when opening the stomach of a dog, cut between the two curvatures to avoid the major blood vessels
Gastrotomy
open the dorsal sac above the longitudinal groove pf the rumer, thereby avoiding its arteries
Rumenotomy
Colon on the right side
ascending colon
‘’the middle colon’’
transverse colon
‘’the left colon’’
descending colon
In what animals the first part of the AC is the ventral colons from the cecum to the pelvic flexure(colic branch).
Horse
In what animal the first part of the AC is from the cecum to the central flexure
Ox
removal of piece of jejunum and the reconnection between the cut ends.
Intestinal resection and anastomoses
What artery has branches off these various arteries:
• Vaginal artery in the carnivores
• External iliac artery in the horse
• Umbilical artery in the ruminants. The horse and the ruminants also have the uterine branch of the vaginal artery.
Uterine artery
What animals have short internal illiac arteries
Carnivores and horse
What animals have long internal iliac arteries
Ruminants and pig
What animals have long internal pudendal artery
carnivores and horses
What animals have short internal pudendal artery
ruminants and pigs
arises from internal pudendal artery in the carnivores and horses.
Prostatic or vaginal artery
usually arising from the cranial gluteal artery in the cat and horse, it travels through the obturator foramen.
Obturator artery
ligated before the body of the uterus is ligated and removed in the carnivores (spay).
Uterine arteries
a blood clot at the termination of the aorta seen in cats.
• This can block the external iliac arteries and result in lameness, paresis, or paralysis of the hind limbs
‘’Saddle thrombi’’
Artery that comes off the external iliac artery in the horse.
Uterine artery
Artery that arises from the cranial gluteal artery and gives off the middle artery to the penis(clitoris) in the horse.
Obturator artery
a branch of the external pudendal artery in the horse.
Cranial artery of the penis
arise from the obturator artery in the horse
Middle artery of the penis
in the horse has little or no contribution from the continuation of the internal pudendal.
Dorsal artery of the penis
arise from the middle artery of the clitoris, a continuation of the obturator artery
Deep artery of the clitoris and dorsal artery of the clitoris
a branch of the umbilical artery in the ruminants.
Uterine artery
note how far caudally the internal iliac branches into the caudal gluteal and internal pudendal in the ruminant.
Long internal iliac and short internal pudendal
another name for the superficial caudal epigastric in the ruminants and mare
‘’Cranial mammary artery’’
the ventral labial arteries in the cow and mare.
‘’Caudal mammary artery’’
common names for the satellite vein (superficial caudal and cranial epigastric) of the superficial epigastric arteries in the ruminant
‘’Milk vein’’ or ‘’ superficial abdominal vein’’
there is little clinical significance to the arteries distal to the tarsus on these animals
Carnivores and pigs
the many different blood vessels supplying the pelvic limb allow ligation (tying off) of the femoral artery without permanent ill effects in the healthy dogs.
Collateral circulation
can be palpated in the femoral artery in the femoral triangle along the medial thigh of the dog and cat.
Pulse
the continuation of the dorsal pedal artery, and the main supply distal to the tarsus.
“Great metatarsal artery” or dorsal metatarsal artery III
continuations of the great metatarsal artery (distal perforating branch) on the sides of the digits similar to the forelimb
Medial and lateral (proper) digital arteries
receives an S shaped anastomosis from the caudal tibial artery and then branches into lateral and medial plantar arteries at the tarsus
Caudal branch of the saphenous artery
the continuation of the dorsal pedal,artery, courses in the dorsal longitudinal groove.
Dorsal metatarsal artery III
doesn’t have cranial and caudal branches, divides at the tarsus into lateral and medial plantar arteries in ox
Saphenous artery
divides into plantar common digital arteries II and III.
Medial plantar artery
What vein can be used for venipuncture in the dog when the cephalic vein is unavailable.
Lateral saphenous vein
in the horse crosses the dorsomedial aspect of the tarsus.
Cranial branch of the median saphenous vein
empties into the brachiocephalic vein in carnivores and pigs; directly into the cranial vena cava in ruminants and horses.
External jugular vein
empties into the brachiocephalic vein in the carnivores and pigs; into the cranial vena cava in the ruminants and horse.
Subclavian vein
present only in the carnivores and pig; formed by the convergence of the external jugular and subclavian veins.
Brachiocephalic vein
formed by converging of the brachiocephalic veinin the carnivores and pig and by the external jugular and subclavian vein in the horse and ruminants
Cranial vena cava
placing a needle into a vein in order to withdraw blood or inject a substance.
Venipuncture
most common site of venipuncture in dogs?
Cephalic vein
the second most common site of venipuncture in dogs
External Jugular vein
a third choice, but a poor choice, after the cephalic and external jugular veins to venipuncture in dogs
Lateral saphenous vein
removal of the spleen.
Splenectomy
can be an important indicator of an illness because they enlarge and become palpable in response to infection.
Superficial lymph nodes
Meat inspection and necropsy pathogenic changes in lymph nodes make them important in these disciplines
Meat inspection and necropsy
