2 - Integumentary System Flashcards
What are the types of hair?
- guard hair
- wool hair
- tylotrich hair
What are the other types if hair?
- long (horse) hair
- bristles
The hair type of the fleece of sheep
Wool hairs
hair of the horse –forelock, mane, tail and “feathers” (behind the fetlock)
Long hair
the hair coat of the pig; the cilia (eyelashes), vibrissae (hairs of the nostrils) and “beard” (hair of the submandibular region) of the goat
Bristles
- Composed of wool hairs or undercoat of animals bred for their ability to produce usable fibers
- Lacks guard hairs so that the fleece is soft and curly, made up of long fine hairs
Wool of Sheep
Wool of Sheep has oily feel due to?
lanolin (wool grease/wool wax)
lanolin (wool grease/wool wax) a product of what glands?
cutaneous sebaceous glands
Wool that is acquired from sheep (merino and rambouillet)
Commercial wool
Wool of Angora goat?
mohair
Wool of cashmere goat?
cashmere wool
Animals with a single hair follicle
Horse and cattle
Animals with compound hair follicles with single primary hair and a group of smaller secondary hairs
Dogs
Animals with single follicles grouped in clusters
Pigs
Animals with single follicle with primary guard hair surrounded by clusters of compound follicles
Cat
These animals hoof pads or bulbs are comparable to the digital pads of carnivores
Ruminant
The metacarpal, metatarsal, carpal and tarsal pads are missing in all domestic species, except the?
carnivore
Pouches at medial canthus of eye, larger in rams than in ewes; used for marking
Infraorbital pouches
Pouches on the midline above the hoofs between the digits of all four feet; used as trail markers
Interdigital pouches
Pouches near the base of the udder or scrotum
Inguinal pouches
Sebaceous Glands in caudal to the base of the horn, secretion is increased during breeding season and especially pungent in bucks
Horn glands
two glands below the tail responsible for the bucks characteristic smell
Sub-caudal glands
Glands on the mediopalmar aspect of the carpus; Produce sexual pheromones, marking the sow during mating
Carpal glands
wart-like skin eminence on the chin; has both tactile and secretory (marking) functions
Mental (chin) glands
Glands in all domestic species; in the wall of the external auditory canal; produce “ear wax” which protects the tympanic membrane from foreign bodies
Ceruminous glands
Ceruminous glands produce ? which protects the tympanic membrane from foreign bodies
“ear wax”
Glands only in cats; in the skin around the mouth esp the lower lip; called “cleaning glands” but functional significance is probably for marking
Circumoral/perioral glands
Circumoral/perioral glands only in cats; in the skin around the mouth esp the lower lip; called ? but functional significance is probably for marking
“cleaning glands”
Glands secretions mix with degenerated cells to form a substance called smegma in horses
Preputial glands
Preputial glands secretions mix with degenerated cells to form a substance called ? in horses
smegma
- Sweat glands predominant in man
- Restricted in the footpads of carnivores, frog of the horse, nasolabial region of ruminants and swine, and carpus of pig
- Function relates to territorial markings and thermoregulation
Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
– Sweat glands predominates in domestic species
- Distributed throughout the skin, ducts open into hair follicles
Apocrine sweat glands
Glands that can be found over the entire bodies of farm animals, including the horse, cow, sheep, pig although sparse
Sweat glands
What animal is the only farm animals that sweat readily and sweats the most (“lathering up”)
horse
Animals that hardly sweat at all. Instead, they cool down by panting.
cats and dogs
Cow’s sweat glands occurs at which specific area?
Planum nasolabiale
Sheep and pigs sweat glands occurs at which specific area?
Planum nasale
What animal sweat glands are sensitive to circulating epinephrine
Equine
What animal sweat is rich in protein and will foam when agitated by working mucles?
Equine
Thought to be a modified sweat glands that nourishes the young
Mammary glands
term designating all the mammae in the ruminants and the horse (sometimes in sow)
Udder
the four parts of the bovine udder each associated with one teat; all four bovine udder are completely seperated from each other
Quarters
external indication of the separation of the two halves of the udder
Intermammary groove
What is the position of the mammary glands in these species: man, monkey and elephants
Thoracic
What is the position of the mammary glands in this species: cat
Thoracoabdominal
What is the position of the mammary glands in these species: pigs and dogs
Thoracoabdominoingual
What is the position of the mammary glands in these species: horses and ruminants
Inguinal
This animals usually has 10 mammae; 5 (4-6) mammary complexes on each side separated by an intermammary groove
Bitch
This animals has 8 mammae, four on each side of the ventral adominal wall
Queen
This animals has 14 (10-18) mammae; seven on each side
Sow
This animals has 4 mammae, Two (quarters) on each side, all bound together to form an udder
Cow
These animals has 2 mammae forming a pendulous udder
Goat and Sheep
This animals has 2 mammae forming a small udder
Mare
Their teats; usually have the same number as females
Males teates
extra teats may or may not be connected to primary mammary gland tissue in both male and females
Accessory teats or supernumerary teats (polythelia)
This animal accessory teats are usually found caudal to other four but can be between or cranial to them
Cow
This animals accessory teats are usually cranial to scrotum
Bull, rams and bucks
extra mammae
Polymastia
the mammary secretion in the first few days after parturition; with essential nutrients and immunoglobulins; also has laxative effect to stimulate the expulsion of the neonates first stool (meconium)
Colostrum
colostrum on these animals is important
Horse, ruminants and pig
the complete emptying of a quarter; done before treating the infected quarter
“Milking out”
hoofed animals, farm animals fall in this category
Ungulates
What is covering the digits distal end; divided into the wall, sole and frog
horny epidermis
the visible part of the standing horse’ hoof
Wall
dorsal part of wall
Toe
medial and lateral wall parts of wall
Quarters
the palmar/plantar aspect of wall
Heels or angles
the extension of the wall from the back of the foot towards the toe; seen on either side of the frog from the ground surface
Bars
a concave surface facing the ground between the frog and the walls; medial and lateral angles of the ____ are located between the bars and quarters
Sole
the wedge-shaped structure between the sole, bars and bulbs; it points towards the toe; homologous with digital pads of other species
Frog
Frog often called the “ ? ” bec its compression forces blood out of the foot back towards the body
heart of the horse foot
just proximal and palmar/plantar to the frog
Bulbs
the junction of the hoof and the skin
Coronet
junction between wall and sole on the ground surface of foot; external indication of the sensitive internal structures; landmark in horse shoeing
White line or white zone
What connects the dermis to the internal structures of the foot
subcutis
- Highly vascular part of the integument providing nourishment for the overlying epidermis (hoof)
- The sensitive part of the foot, it holds the hoof in place
Corium or Dermis
Corium or Dermis is divided into five parts:
periople, coronary, laminar, sole and frog
Corium or dermis is divided into five parts: periople, coronary, laminar, sole and frog; each has pegs (papillae)extending into the horny epidermis except the?
laminar
the dermis of the foot that is continuous with the dermis of the skin; widens out over the bulb of the heel; produce the thin , shiny, external layer of the wall
Perioplic corium
thick band of dermis just distal to the perioplic corium located in the coronary groove of the hoof; provides template for tubular and non-tubular horn of the walls
Coronary corium
(sensitive laminae) the dermis connecting the distal phalanx lateral and dorsal sides to the hoof wall; tightly binds the hoof to corium
Laminar corium
dermis underlying and nourishing the horny sole
Corium of sole
dermis underlying and nourishing the horny frog
Corium of frog
consist of coronary and perioplic coria and the germinal layer of the epidermis overlying these coria
Coronary band
the modified, elastic subcutis under the coronary band
Coronary cushion
- Part of integument overlying the dermis
Epidermis or hoof
This epidermis is the light band marking the junction bet the hoof and skin
Perioplic epidermis
middle highly keratinized hoof wall layer extending distally from the coronary corium that nourishes it; forms the bulk of the wall of the hoof
Coronary epidermis
This epidermis is in the inside layer of the hoof, interdigitates with the laminae of the dermis
Laminar epidermis
This epidermis is more elastic and not fully keratinized, wavy and softer
Frog epidermis
layer of connective tissue joining the dermis to the coffin bone, cartilages of the hoof and tendons
Subcutis
wedge-shaped mass of white classic fibers and fat overlying the frog and attaching to the cartilage of the hoof
Digital cushion
two soft prominences behind and above the frog; with the frog they form the pad of the horse
Bulbs
the angle of foot in relation to ground surface
Foot/hoof axis
This view is perpendicular to ground
Viewed from front
This view is 45-50˚front foot; 50-55˚ hind foot
Viewed from the side
angle of proximal phalanx with relation to the ground
Pastern axis
should be equal and form a continuous line
Foot/hoof – pastern axis
broken foot-pastern axis manipulated by?
horseshoers
foot with equal length to the medial and lateral quarters and heels
Level foot
dorsal angle to the ground of 60˚ or greater
Club foot, steep foot or upright foot
this angle is less than 45˚
Low foot or sloping foot
when foot and pastern axis are not the same from lateral view; increases stress on distal limb; corrected by shoeing
Broken foot
broken foot-pastern axis in which the foot axis is steeper than the pastern axis
Coon foot
Foot with swelling on the dorsal coronet may be due to tear of the extensor tendon attachment to the extensor process of the distal phalanx or to low ringbone
Buttress foot
Foot with little concavity to the sole
Flat foot
Flat foot due to rotation of the distal phalanx pushing down on the sole
Dropped foot
a foot with lower quarter than the opposite foot
Off-level foot
inflammation of the laminae of the foot
Laminitis or founder
a separation of the epidermal and the dermal. laminae; often due to chronic laminitis
Seedy toe
a drainage tract up the dermal laminae and out the skin above the coronet; result of an infection of a crack in a white line
Gravel
a bruise/contusion of the medial angle of the sole
Corn
a degenerative condition of the frog or lateral angles of the hoof asso with filth resulting in black necrotic material
Thrush
a foot that is narrower than normal in its palmar/plantar aspect
Contracted heels
lameness due to chronic contracted heels
Hoof bound
chronic inflammation of the lateral cartilages of the hoof characterized by the draining tracts just proximal to the hoof
Quittor
dry feet with cracks in the hoof wall
Brittle feet
breaks in the hoof wall starting from the ground surface or the coronary border
Toe crack, quarter crack and heel crack (sand cracks)
the epidermis of the wall, sole and heels are similar to the horse except they have no frog, bars or secondary laminae.
Hooves
the sensitive vascular layer underlying the hoof consisting of perioplic, coronary, laminar, sole and bulb dermis in pigs and ruminants
Dermis or corium
the space between the two hooves
Interdigital cleft
What is the highly keratinized cushions on the palmar/plantar aspect of the foot of pigs and ruminants?
Hoof pads or bulbs
inflammation of ruminants foot
Foot rot
separation of hoof wall, often following drying of the hoof in ruminants
Hoof cracks
wet inflammation of the interdigital cleft in ruminants
Interdigital dermatitis
proliferation of tissue in the interdigital cleft often associated with foot rot and interdigital dermatitis
Interdigital fibromas
possible and often done in ox digits
Removal of a digit
a bony core that projects from the frontal bone of the skull
Formed over the cornual process
a ring of soft horn that covers the surface of the horn at the base and extends toward the apex of the horn; marks the transition between skin and horn
Epikeras
The age of the animal may be estimated by counting the ? on the horn
rings
ruminants that lack horns
Polled
The horns of this animal are located at the caudolateral end of head
Cattle
The horn of these animals are located behind the orbits
Sheep and goat
the grooves (cornual rings) on the external surface of the horns; caused by slowing of growth near the end of gestation and during lactation; a rough estimate can be made of a cows age
Pregnancy grooves in cow
sheep and goat; circumferential grooves on the horn; more distinct than in cow, 9-12 are produced per year
Cornual rings
can be accomplished by destroying the corium when only buttons (horn bud) are present in young animal between 5-10 days old
Dehorning
as soon as horn bud is palpable by chemical means, cauterization or surgical excision of the horn bud and surrounding skin
Dehorning of calves
use barnes dehorner or a small saw when the horn has already broken thru the skin for at least one inch
Dehorning young cattle
remove the horn close to the skull proximal to the epikeras so no horn can be produced after; use saw, horn shears or dehorning wire
Dehorning adult cattle
This dehorning is best done under general anesthesia bec of hemorrhage and the cranium under the horn buds is thin and easily opened to the brain
Dehorning of young goats
common sequel to dehorning in animals over 7 months old when cornual sinus already opened
Sinusitis
The accessory digits in ruminants and pig?
II and V
Dew in what species?:
► Lacks a well-developed phalanges
► Hoof has a wall and small bulb
► Do not bear weight and have little clinical significance
Ruminant
Dewclaw in what species?:
► Have three phalanges
► With a smaller well-developed hoof
pigs
► hornlike growths on the medial side of the horses’ limb
► Thought to be vestigial metacarpal and metatarsal footpads
Chestnut
These chestnuts are proximal to the carpus
Front chestnuts
These chestnuts are slightly distal to the hocks
Hind chestnuts
► Small projections of cornified epithelium in the center of the palmar (plantar) part of the fetlock of the horse
Ergots
hairs of the nostrils
vibrissae
hair of the submandibular region
beard
What attaches the corium to the periosteum of the distal phalanx?
vascular subcutis
