9 - Comparative Anatomy Of The Digestive System ( Non-Ruminant Stomach ) Flashcards
1
Q
• The digestive tract consists of a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with the external skin at the mouth and at the anus.
A
The Digestive System
2
Q
The Digestive System
• The digestive tract consists of a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with the external skin at the mouth and at the anus. It is divided into:
A
• Alimentary canal
• Accessory organs
3
Q
What extends from the mouth to the anus. It consists of the following consecutive portions:
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Glandular stomach (and in the case of the ruminants, the non-glandular/forestomachs as well)
• Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
• Large intestine (caecum, colon, rectum)
A
alimentary canal
4
Q
The alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the anus. It consists of the following consecutive portions:
A
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Glandular stomach (and in the case of the ruminants, the non-glandular/forestomachs as well)
• Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
• Large intestine (caecum, colon, rectum
5
Q
The accessory digestive organs:
A
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Salivary glands
• Liver
• Pancreas
6
Q
Digestive System primary functions are:
A
• prehension
• mastication
• digestion
• absorption of food
• elimination of solid wastes
7
Q
What system reduces the nutritious constituents of the food to molecular compounds that are small enough to be absorbed and used for energy and for building other compounds for incorporation into body tissues
A
digestive system
8
Q
What organ has these functions:
• Used primarily for holding, grinding, mixing food with saliva
• Used to manipulate the environment (grasping objects)
• Defensive and offensive weapon
A
Mouth
9
Q
entrance into the mouth; external parts covered by typical haired skin
A
Lips (labia)
10
Q
deeply grooved midline of the upper lips
A
Philtrum
11
Q
Which animal’s lips has soft and flexible, aids in picking up food
A
Sheep, goats and horses
12
Q
Which animal’s lips is less mobile, stiff
A
Cattle and hogs
13
Q
• Are arranged in two dental arcades, one associated with the mandible and one with the incisive and maxillary bones
A
Teeth
14
Q
Farm animals typically have a gap in each arch between the front teeth (incisors) and the cheek teeth; such a physiologic gap is called?
A
diastema
15
Q
What teeths ‘nippers’ are implanted in the incisive bone and the body of the mandible?
A
Incisors
16
Q
What animals have no upper incisors?
A
Ox and sheep
17
Q
- ‘holding’ teeth implanted behind the incisors in the inter alveolar space.
- Designated C also called eyeteeth, bridle teeth, tusks and tushes.
A
Canines
18
Q
The canines of these animals are in their 4th incisors.
A
Ruminants
19
Q
Horses canines are well-developed in?
A
stallions
20
Q
Horses canines are small or absent in?
A
mares
21
Q
Pigs canines are large especially in boars called ? open-rooted where they continue to grou throughout life, lower larger than upper C.
A
tusk
22
Q
grinding teeth forming the sides os the dental arch
A
Premolars and molars
23
Q
What term includes both the premolars and molars?
A
cheek teeth
24
Q
In horses the first premolar when present is called the?
A
Wolf teeth
25
(large shearing teeth of dog and cat) have three roots.
Carnassial teeth
26
The dog has two pairs of carnassial teeth:
• The last upper premolars.
• The first lower molars.
27
What are sharp elongated ridges of enamel on the cheeks teeth of horses?
Points and hooks
28
What portion of the tooth which is covered with enamel?
crown
29
What portion of tooth which is covered with cement and is embedded in the gum?
root
30
the line of junction of crown and root
neck
31
The blood supply of the pulp is derived from:
Infraorbital and mandibular alveolar branches of the internal maxillary
32
The nerve supply of pulp is derived from the corresponding branches of?
5th cranial nerve- the trigeminal
33
- it covers the crowns of brachydont teeth while it covers mainly the entire tooth in
hypsodont animals
- it is a white layer of inorganic crystals, it is the hardest substance in the body
- it is irreplaceable as the cells that generate it (ameloblast) are lost following formation except in the,tusks of swine.
Enamel
34
What covers the root of but extends from brachydont tooth the root to the crown of hypsodont tooth?
Cementum
35
What makes up the body of the tooth with a dental cavity in its center?
Dentine
36
The dentin constitutes the ? of the elephant tusks.
“ivory”
37
The center of a tooth is termed the?
pulp/dental cavity
38
The pulp cavity is filled with a soft gelatinous mass of connective tissues, nerves and blood vessels called?
dental pulp
39
• Typically exhibited by mammals
• Having various types of teeth specialized for different aspects of prehension and mastication
Heterodonty
40
All domestic animals are ? where they develop a set of deciduous teeth (baby or milk teeth) that fall out and are replaced by a permanent teeth
diphyodont
41
All domestic animals are diphyodont where they develop a set of ? that fall out and are replaced by a permanent teeth
deciduous teeth (baby or milk teeth)
42
A primitive tooth is simply a?
cone
43
What dentition when all the teeth are similar, as in the crocodile?
Homodont dentition
44
What dentition when the teeth have undergone differentiation into molars, premolars, incisors, etc.?
Heterodont dentition
45
What dentition when several primitive cones come together to form one tooth as in the cheek teeth of the pig?
Bunodont dentition
46
What dentition when the cones become ridges as in the cheek teeth of the horse?
Lophodont dentition
47
What dentition when the ridges become sharp as in the cheek teeth of the ox?
Selenodont dentition
48
What dentition when the enamel of a tooth is restricted to the crown as in the teeth of the dog. i.e. “short –crowned” teeth?
Brachydont dentition
49
What dentition when much of the crown is embedded in the gum as in the cheek teeth of the horse. i.e. “long-crowned” teeth?
Hypsodont dentition
50
Temporary dental formula of horse?
2(I3/3 C0/0 P3/3)=24
51
Temporary dental formula of ruminant?
2(I0/4 C0/0 P3/3)=20
52
Temporary dental formula of pig and dog?
2(I3/3 C1/1 P4/4)=32
53
Temporary dental formula of cat?
2(I3/3 C1/1 P3/2)=26
54
Permanent dental formula of horse?
2(I3/3 C1/1 P3or4/3 M3/3)=40/42
55
Permanent dental formula of ruminant?
2(I0/4 C0/0 P3/3 M3/3)=32
56
Permanent dental formula of pig?
2(I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M3/3)=44
57
Permanent dental formula of dog?
2(I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3)=42
58
What replaces the upper incisors and canines in ruminants; provides a heavily cornified epithelium against which the lower incisors grind food
Dental pad
59
results in swelling or draining (pus) below the carnivores eye
Carnassial tooth abscess (upper P4)
60
the pigs deciduous incisors and canines; often nipped off in newborn
Needle teeth
61
the procedure of filing of the sharp edges (points and hooks) of the horse cheek teeth
Floating
62
- Is situated on the floor of the mouth cavity between the rami of the mandibles.
- It is supported in a muscular sling formed by the mylo-hyoid muscles.
• It is described as having:-
• A root located caudally adjacent to the pharynx
• A body which is meaty
• An apex at the rostral end
tongue
63
What papillae are found in all domestic animals?
Filiform, Fungiform, Vallate
64
What papillae is absent in ruminants?
Foliate
65
What papillae is only in ruminants, no taste buds?
Conical
66
What papillae has no taste buds?
Filiform and conical
67
What papillae has hairlike, shorter and softer in horses giving it a velvety feel?
Filiform
68
What papillae interspersed amongst the filiform, it resembles a tiny mushroom?
Fungiform
69
What papillae resemble foliage or leaves of plants, only in carnivores, pigs and horses?
Foliate
70
What papillae has large, circular projections surrounded by a deep groove, arranged in V shape on the caudal part of the tongue?
Vallate
71
The blood supply of the tongue is achieved by?
paired lingual and sublingual arteries which are branches of the external maxillary artery
72
The motor nerve supply of the tongue is from the?
hypoglossal nerve
73
The sensory nerve supply of the tongue is from two sources:
• The lingual which is a branch of the mandibular nerve supplies the anterior two thirds.
• The glossopharyngeal nerve supplies the posterior third.
74
What animal’s tongue is shaped like a spatula.
• Two distinct vallate papillae on posterior part of dorsum, flanking the mid-line.
Horse
75
What animal’s tongue has these characteristics?
- prominent dorsal bulge in the body of the tongue – torus linguae.
- Papillae on prominence are distinct.
- They are termed lenticular papillae.
- Filiform and conical papillae are keratinized and directed backwards.
- They give a rough, prehensile surface to the tongue
Ox
76
- prominent dorsal bulge in the body of the tongue of ox is called?
- a round swelling of the caudodorsal surface of the
ox tongue
torus linguae
77
Ox: prominent dorsal bulge in the body of the tongue – torus linguae.
• Papillae on prominence are distinct.
• They are termed?
lenticular papillae
78
What animal’s tongue has same as ox but tip is more blunt and posterior prominence not so well marked?
• No conical papillae but less keratinized filiform papillae are numerous at tip.
Sheep
79
What animal’s tongue has these characteristics:
- Narrow and pointed, with a thin apex.
- Long, backward-pointing papillae on root.
Pig
80
What animal’s tongue has these characteristics:
- Wide, thin and mobile.
- Marked by median grooves.
- Long backward pointing papillae on root. Inferior part of tip has cord of fibrous tissue – the lyssa
Dog
81
Inferior part of tip of dogs tongue has cord of fibrous tissue called?
lyssa
82
depression in front of the ox torus linguae; site of penetration of foreign objects.
Lingual fossa/fossa linguae
83
the dog has a bar of cartilage (lyssa) embedded in the ventral surface of the apex;
• in horse, it is embedded in the median plane of the dorsal surface called?
Tongue cartilage
84
What term refers to three pairs of large gland situated on the sides of the face and the adjacent part of the neck?
• These glands are:-
• Parotid,
• Submandibular,
• Sublingual.
Salivary gland
85
The term salivary glands refers to three pairs of large gland situated on the sides of the face and the adjacent part of the neck.
• These glands are:
• Parotid,
• Submandibular,
• Sublingual.
86
The salivary glands are classified according to their type of secretion. Thus:
• Serous,
• Mucuos,
• Mixed.
87
What gland secretion is serous except in the dog mixed?
Parotid
88
The secretion of submandibular gland is?
Mixed
89
The secretion of sublingual gland is?
Mixed
90
What gland in the dog is an accessory salivary gland situated in the anterior part of the pterygopalatine fossa;
• Its duct opens caudal to the parotid duct opening; It is mixed.
zygomatic or orbital gland
91
Most minor salivary gland have what type of secretion?
mucus secretion
92
What animals sublingal gland have a caudally-located monostomatic part and a rostrally located polystomatic part?
Dog and cat
93
What animal’s sublingal gland has only polystomatic part?
Horse
94
What animals sublingal gland have both parts(monostomatic part and polystomatic part ), but reversed position than dog?
Ruminants
95
What animal’s parotid duct opens across from the upper carnassial tooth (P4) at the salivary papillae?
Dog
96
What animal’s parotid duct opens across from the upper last or 5th upper cheek tooth?
Ox
97
What animal’s parotid duct opens across from the 3rd upper cheek tooth?
Horse, goat and pig
98
What animal’s parotid duct opens across from the 2nd upper cheek tooth?
Cat
99
What duct opens opposite the lower canine teeth at sublingual caruncle?
Submandibular duct
100
The mucus membrane at the roof of the mouth is termed the? It is bounded in front and in either side the alveolar arches. It is continuous with the soft palate behind.
hard palate
101
The bony basis of the hard palate is formed by the palatine process of:
• The premaxilla
• The maxilla
• The horizontal part of the palatine bones
102
What animal’s hard palate is divided into equal portions
by the central raphae?
• The palatine ridges or rugae extend the whole length of the palate.
Horse
103
HORSE hard palate is divided into equal portions by the?
central raphae
104
What extend the whole length of the hard palate of horse?
palatine ridges or rugae
105
What animal’s hard palate anterior portion forms the
prominent dental pad?
• The rugae extend only two thirds of the length of the palate.
• All but the last few are serrated on their free borders.
OX
106
What animal’s hard palate can be distinguished from by the fact that the rugae are not serrated?
• The openings of the naso-palatine ducts form a prominent V on either side of the central incisive papilla.
OX
107
What animal’s hard palate is long and narrow and equal in width throughout?
• Both rugae and median raphae well marked.
• Incisive papilla is prominent anteriorly
PIG
108
What animal’s hard palate is widest about the 4th cheek tooth.
• Median raphae usually replaced by a ridge.
DOG
109
What is a musculo-membranous curtain which separates the mouth cavity from the pharynx?
• The soft palate is described as having:
• a base,
• a free border,
• two surfaces, oral and aboral (nasal).
soft palate
110
The soft palate is described as having:
• a base,
• a free border,
• two surfaces, oral and aboral (nasal).
111
What are two short, thick folds of soft palate which run from the free border of the oral surface to either side of the tongue?
anterior pillars
112
What runs from the free border of the aboral surface of soft palate to meet over the commencement of the oesophagus?
posterior pillars
113
Between the diverging anterior and posterior pillars is the ?, which houses the tonsil.
tonsillar sinus
114
The soft palate has three intrinsic muscles:
• levator veli palatini,
• tensor veli palatini,
• palatinus.
115
The soft palate has one extrinsic:
• palato- pharyngeous
116
What animal’s soft palate is long, precluding oral breathing and
vomiting.
• Tonsils diffuse being situated in
• 1) sinus,
• 2) root of tongue,
• 3) soft palate
HORSE
117
What animal’s soft palate is bean-shaped circumscribed tonsils situated in sinus.
OX/SHEEP
118
What animal’s soft palate frequently has small median prolongation termed the uvula?
• Three tonsils situated in;
• 1) pharynx,
• 2) soft palate,
• 3) sinus
PIG
119
What animal’s soft palate fusiform tonsil situated on the sinus?
DOG
120
PIG’s Soft palate frequently has small median prolongation
termed the
uvula
121
Pharynx three regions:
• Nasal
• Oral
• Laryngeal
122
What aniaml has pharyngeal recess, a median niche at the caudodorsal angle of the nasopharynx?
Horses
123
What animal has pharyngeal diverticulum, opens into the dorsal wall of the pharynx near the beginning of the esophagus;
• it is a blind mucosal pouch in the roof of the nasopharynx
Pigs
124
• Circumscribed aggregations of lymphatic nodules found in association with mucus membranes of the mouth and pharyngeal region
Tonsils
125
paired nodules that lies in a pocket on the lateral wall of the pharynx ventral to the soft palate adjacent to the base of the tongue.
Palatine tonsil
126
What animal has a tonsillar crypt, a deep cleft that increases the surface area for contact with antigens?
Ruminants
127
Whqt animal tonsil lies within the soft palate tissue?
Pigs
128
What tonsils are located at the base of the tongue and are especially prominent in horses, oxen, and pigs?
Lingual tonsils
129
Which tonsil is located in the submucosa of the dorsal pharyngeal wall and is commonly referred to as the adenoids when enlarged?
Pharyngeal tonsil
130
Which tonsils are found at the openings of the auditory (Eustachian) tubes?
Tubal tonsils
131
What is a musculo-membranous tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach?
esopahagus
132
Stomach is considered as having three regions:
• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Abdominal
133
From the pharynx, the esophagus runs dorsal to the trachea and usually inclines somewhat to the left in the neck in what region?
midcervical region
134
What animal’s esophagus is voluntary as far as the base of the heart?
• Striated muscle changes to smooth in the caudal third.
Horse
135
What animal’s esophagus is easily dilatable and voluntary throughout?
• Striated throughout its length.
Ox/sheep
136
What animal’s esophagus is voluntary till last few inches near the cardia?
• Striated muscle changes to smooth just cranial to the diaphragm.
Pig
137
What animal’s esophagus is voluntary throughout.
• Constricted ventrally at origin by thick layer of mucous glands.
• This constrictions is known as the isthmus esophagi.
Dog
138
Dog’s esophagus is constricted ventrally at origin by thick layer of mucous glands.
• This constrictions is known as the?
isthmus esophagi
139
All animal’s esophagus is innervated by?
Vagues nerve
140
In what animals, the stomach is just caudal to the left side of the diaphragm?
non-ruminants (horse and pig)
141
• In non-ruminants (horse and pig), the stomach is just caudal to the left side of the diaphragm.
• It is sometimes described in these species as a?
• It is a muscular sac situated between the esophagus and the small intestine.
simple stomach
142
The pylorus is guarded by the?
pyloric sphincter
143
• Grossly, subdivided into the cardia (entrance), fundus, body and pyloric region (outflow)
Non-Ruminant Stomach
144
– named because of its proximity to the heart;
- has cardiac sphincter which is well developed in the horse making the them difficult or impossible to vomit
Cardia
145
Cardia and pylorus are quite close together, giving the stomach what shape?
J-shape
146
the large bulge near the cardia
Fundus
147
in horses fundus is enlarged to create a blind sac, the?
saccus cecus
148
in horses fundus is enlarged to create a blind sac, the saccus cecus;
• the porcine stomach has a similar smaller outpocketing, the?
gastric diverticulum
149
Pyloric region features the ? – a dense palpable sphincter
muscle that controls gastric emptying
Pylorus
150
Pyloric region features the Pylorus – a dense palpable sphincter
muscle that controls gastric emptying;
• in the pig it features a muscular and fatty enlargement, the ?, with unknown function.
torus pyloricus
151
Part of the stomach features three discontinuous layers of smooth muscle:
• an outer longitudinal,
• a middle circular,
• and an inner oblique laye
tunica muscularis
152
• The tunica muscularis of the stomach features three discontinuous layers of smooth muscle:
• an outer longitudinal,
• a middle circular,
• and an inner oblique layer.
• Grossly, the mucosa here is thrown into prominent ? that allow the stomach volume to expand to accommodate meals.
gastric folds
153
On the microscopic level of stomach, the columnar epithelium of the tunica mucosa undulates in deep infoldings that create depressions called?
gastric pits
154
stratified squamous epithelium, the only non-glandular region of the stomach.
• Limited in swine
• expanded in horse which lines the saccus cecus
• markedly expanded in ruminants (lines the forestomach)
Esophageal region
155
What region in stomach is columnar epithelium
• Small in equine
• nearly half of the interior in porcine
Cardiac gland region
156
In horses, transition from esophageal to cardiac is grossly obvious where it is called the?
margo plicatus
157
Average capacity of this animal’s stomach is 3 gallons.
• Non-glandular mucous membrane is separated from glandular by an irregular ridge called the margo plicatus (folded margin) – the grossly visible internal, irregular, raised line separating the stomach non-glandular and glandular portion
HORSE
158
The non-glandular left extremity in the HORSE is termed as
the ? –an extensive fundus lined by
non-glandular mucosa; homologous to the forestomach of
ruminants
saccus cecus (blind sac)
159
Average capacity of this animal’s stomach is 2 gallons.
• The left extremity has a blind pouch – the gastric diverticulum – the extension of the fundus
PIG
160
Average capacity of this animal’s stomach is 4 pints(1.89L)
• Pear-shaped and distensible.
DOG
161
Permanent dental formula of cat?
2(I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1)=30
