1 - Ungulates And Evolution Of Horses Flashcards by Aeron Justine Aquino

one traditional grouping of mammals, now recognized as a paraphyletic grouping

Ungulata

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from Latin “ungula” (meaning hoof)

Ungulate

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Even-toed (cloven-hooved mammals)

Artiodactyla

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(odd-toed mammals)

Perissodactyla

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Live in grasslands and savannahs. Have evolved features that are adaptive for life on open grasslands

Ungulates: Hoofed Mammals

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The earliest known ungulate, a small insectivore-like animal with teeth slightly adapted for grinding

Protungulatum

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pigs, peccaries & hippopotami: primitive artiodactyls

Suborder Suina

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camels & llamas: intermediate artiodactyls

Suborder Tylopoda

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cattle, antelopes, deer and giraffes: advanced artiodactyls

Suborder Ruminantia

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Most successful order of terrestrial ungulates

Order Artiodactyla

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Order Artiodactyla feet are either

2 or 4-toed

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Ungulates but not hoove mammals?

Order Cetacea (whales and dolphins)

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Order artiodactyla feet are paraxonic, mean the line of symmetry passes between?

Digits 3 & 4

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The ? Of order artiodactyla has a so-called ‘double pulley’ whereby both the connecting surfaces allow a rolling action giving greater freedom of movement

astragalus (tarsal or ankle bone)

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the astragalus (tarsal or ankle bone) of order artiodactyla has a so-called ‘?’ whereby both the connecting surfaces allow a rolling action giving greater freedom of movement in the ankle

double pulley

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the ? of atriodactyla are less like the molars than in most perissodactyls

pre-molars

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tapirs and rhinoceroses ( suborder of perissodactyle )

Ceratomorpha

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horses, palæotheresÝ & titanotheresÝ ( suborder of perissodactyle )

Hippomorpha

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There is also a third, now extinct, suborder of perissodactyla ( chalicotheresÝ )

Ancyclopoda

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Characterised chiefly by mesaxonic feet (line of symmetry down third digit), a full set of incisors; greatly molarised pre-molar

Order Perissodactyla

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There are seven members currently found in this. family( Suborder Hippomorpha ), all genus Equus:

the domestic horse, wild horse, 3 zebras and two asses

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The history of the horse family, called the ?, began during the Eocene Epoch, which lasted from about 56 million to 33.9 million years ago

Equidae

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The history of the horse family, Equidae, began during the ?, which lasted from about 56 million to 33.9 million years ago

Eocene Epoch

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The history of the horse family, Equidae, began during the Eocene Epoch, which lasted from about?

56 million to 33.9 million years ago

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When did the evolution of horses started? And during what era?

55 million years ago, eocene era

What does the horse called during eocene era, 55 million years ago?

Eohippus

What does the horse called during oligocene era, 35 million years ago?

Mesohippus

What does the horse called during oligocene era, 30 million years ago?

Miohippus

What does the horse called during miocene era, 20 million years ago?

Mercychippus

What does the horse called during pliocene era, 5 million years ago?

Pliohippus

What does the horse called now in modern era, 4 million years ago?

Equus

Horses reduced their toes from 5 to?

What horse has a black mane and tail and black lower legs, and is reddish- brown over the rest of its body

bay

What horse varies from mouse colored to sand-colored with a dark skin. It usually has a black mane, tail, and legs

Dun

What horse with a black mane, tail, and legs, and a mixture of brown and black hairs over the rest of its body

Brown

What horse is a reddish-brown horse with a similar colored mane and tail

Chestnut

What is a gold-colored horse with a much paler, sometimes almost white, mane and tail

Palomino

what horse have white hairs mixed with black (blue roan, left), bay (red roan), or chestnut (strawberry roan)

Roan

Bay + roan

Red roan

Chestnut + roan

Strawberry roan

Black + roan

Blue roan

Horse with a brown or black spots, confined to a "blanket" on the rump or spread over the whole body

Spotted

The coat has large areas of brown or black and white. A horse of this coloring is also known as a paint

Pinto

What horses vary from white to dark gray and can be plain, dappled (right), or flea-bitten. All have black skin

Gray

What horses are sometimes palomino, or gold-colored

Quarter horse

What horse is always black

Friesian

What horses are almost always spotted

Appaloosas

What basic coat color are the most common colors for Thoroughbreds

Bay, chestnut, black, and gray

What is the movement of the horses’ feet and legs when the horse is in motion

Gait

What are the three natural gaits of the horse

walk, trot, and gallop

What is a slow, four-beat gait. Each foot leaves and strikes the ground separately from the other feet. It is the natural gait of the horse

Walk

What is beat gait of walk?

slow, four-beat gait

What is a fast, two-beat diagonal gait. Opposite front and hind feet leave and strike the ground at the same time

Trot/jog

What is the beat gait of trot/jog?

Fast, two-beat diagonal gait

What is a fast, four-beat gait. Each foot strikes the ground separately.

GALLOP

What is the beat gait of gallop?

Fast, four-beat gait

The extended gallop is called the?

Run

What is a slow, three-beat gait. The horse may lead from either the right or the left front foot

Canter

A Western adaptation of a very slow canter is called the?

Lope

What is the beat gait of canter?

slow, three-beat gait

What is a slow, lateral, four-beat gait. The four feet strike the ground separately.

Stepping pace

What is a slow, diagonal, four-beat gait. Each foot leaves and strikes the ground separately from the other feet. The front foot strikes the ground just ahead of the diagonal hind foot. This is a natural gait of the Tennessee Walking Horse

Running walk

What is the beat gait of running walk?

slow, diagonal, four-beat gait

What is a slow, short, broken trot. The hind foot strikes the ground just ahead of the diagonal front foot. The time between each foot striking the ground is the same. The order of the feet striking the ground is the same as in the stepping pace

Fox-trot

What is a fast, even, four-beat gait. The hind foot strikes the ground just ahead of the diagonal front foot. The time between each foot striking the ground is the same. The order of the feet striking the ground is the same as in the stepping pace

Rack

What is a fast, two-beat gait. The front and hind feet on the same side leave and strike the ground at the same time. There is a brief moment when all four feet are off the ground at the same time

Pace

What is the beat gait of pace?

Fast, two-beat gait

What is a lateral movement of the horse. It is also called the traverse or sidestep. It is not a show gait. The horse moves to one side without going forward or backward

Amble

Amble is also called?

Traverse or sidestep