1 - Ungulates And Evolution Of Horses Flashcards
one traditional grouping of mammals, now recognized as a paraphyletic grouping
Ungulata
from Latin “ungula” (meaning hoof)
Ungulate
Even-toed (cloven-hooved mammals)
Artiodactyla
(odd-toed mammals)
Perissodactyla
Live in grasslands and savannahs. Have evolved features that are adaptive for life on open grasslands
Ungulates: Hoofed Mammals
The earliest known ungulate, a small insectivore-like animal with teeth slightly adapted for grinding
Protungulatum
pigs, peccaries & hippopotami: primitive artiodactyls
Suborder Suina
camels & llamas: intermediate artiodactyls
Suborder Tylopoda
cattle, antelopes, deer and giraffes: advanced artiodactyls
Suborder Ruminantia
Most successful order of terrestrial ungulates
Order Artiodactyla
Order Artiodactyla feet are either
2 or 4-toed
Ungulates but not hoove mammals?
Order Cetacea (whales and dolphins)
Order artiodactyla feet are paraxonic, mean the line of symmetry passes between?
Digits 3 & 4
The ? Of order artiodactyla has a so-called ‘double pulley’ whereby both the connecting surfaces allow a rolling action giving greater freedom of movement
astragalus (tarsal or ankle bone)
the astragalus (tarsal or ankle bone) of order artiodactyla has a so-called ‘?’ whereby both the connecting surfaces allow a rolling action giving greater freedom of movement in the ankle
double pulley
the ? of atriodactyla are less like the molars than in most perissodactyls
pre-molars
tapirs and rhinoceroses ( suborder of perissodactyle )
Ceratomorpha
horses, palæotheresÝ & titanotheresÝ ( suborder of perissodactyle )
Hippomorpha
There is also a third, now extinct, suborder of perissodactyla ( chalicotheresÝ )
Ancyclopoda
Characterised chiefly by mesaxonic feet (line of symmetry down third digit), a full set of incisors; greatly molarised pre-molar
Order Perissodactyla
There are seven members currently found in this. family( Suborder Hippomorpha ), all genus Equus:
the domestic horse, wild horse, 3 zebras and two asses
The history of the horse family, called the ?, began during the Eocene Epoch, which lasted from about 56 million to 33.9 million years ago
Equidae
The history of the horse family, Equidae, began during the ?, which lasted from about 56 million to 33.9 million years ago
Eocene Epoch
The history of the horse family, Equidae, began during the Eocene Epoch, which lasted from about?
56 million to 33.9 million years ago
When did the evolution of horses started? And during what era?
55 million years ago, eocene era
What does the horse called during eocene era, 55 million years ago?
Eohippus
What does the horse called during oligocene era, 35 million years ago?
Mesohippus
What does the horse called during oligocene era, 30 million years ago?
Miohippus
What does the horse called during miocene era, 20 million years ago?
Mercychippus
What does the horse called during pliocene era, 5 million years ago?
Pliohippus
What does the horse called now in modern era, 4 million years ago?
Equus
Horses reduced their toes from 5 to?
1
What horse has a black mane and tail and black lower legs, and is reddish- brown over the rest of its body
bay
What horse varies from mouse colored to sand-colored with a dark skin. It usually has a black mane, tail, and legs
Dun
What horse with a black mane, tail, and legs, and a mixture of brown and black hairs over the rest of its body
Brown
What horse is a reddish-brown horse with a similar colored mane and tail
Chestnut
What is a gold-colored horse with a much paler, sometimes almost white, mane and tail
Palomino
what horse have white hairs mixed with black (blue roan, left), bay (red roan), or chestnut (strawberry roan)
Roan
Bay + roan
Red roan
Chestnut + roan
Strawberry roan
Black + roan
Blue roan
Horse with a brown or black spots, confined to a “blanket” on the rump or spread over the whole body
Spotted
The coat has large areas of brown or black and white. A horse of this coloring is also known as a paint
Pinto
What horses vary from white to dark gray and can be plain, dappled (right), or flea-bitten. All have black skin
Gray
What horses are sometimes palomino, or gold-colored
Quarter horse
What horse is always black
Friesian
What horses are almost always spotted
Appaloosas
What basic coat color are the most common colors for Thoroughbreds
Bay, chestnut, black, and gray
What is the movement of the horses’ feet and legs when the horse is in motion
Gait
What are the three natural gaits of the horse
walk, trot, and gallop
What is a slow, four-beat gait. Each foot leaves and strikes the ground separately from the other feet. It is the natural gait of the horse
Walk
What is beat gait of walk?
slow, four-beat gait
What is a fast, two-beat diagonal gait. Opposite front and hind feet leave and strike the ground at the same time
Trot/jog
What is the beat gait of trot/jog?
Fast, two-beat diagonal gait
What is a fast, four-beat gait. Each foot strikes the ground separately.
GALLOP
What is the beat gait of gallop?
Fast, four-beat gait
The extended gallop is called the?
Run
What is a slow, three-beat gait. The horse may lead from either the right or the left front foot
Canter
A Western adaptation of a very slow canter is called the?
Lope
What is the beat gait of canter?
slow, three-beat gait
What is a slow, lateral, four-beat gait. The four feet strike the ground separately.
Stepping pace
What is a slow, diagonal, four-beat gait. Each foot leaves and strikes the ground separately from the other feet. The front foot strikes the ground just ahead of the diagonal hind foot. This is a natural gait of the Tennessee Walking Horse
Running walk
What is the beat gait of running walk?
slow, diagonal, four-beat gait
What is a slow, short, broken trot. The hind foot strikes the ground just ahead of the diagonal front foot. The time between each foot striking the ground is the same. The order of the feet striking the ground is the same as in the stepping pace
Fox-trot
What is a fast, even, four-beat gait. The hind foot strikes the ground just ahead of the diagonal front foot. The time between each foot striking the ground is the same. The order of the feet striking the ground is the same as in the stepping pace
Rack
What is a fast, two-beat gait. The front and hind feet on the same side leave and strike the ground at the same time. There is a brief moment when all four feet are off the ground at the same time
Pace
What is the beat gait of pace?
Fast, two-beat gait
What is a lateral movement of the horse. It is also called the traverse or sidestep. It is not a show gait. The horse moves to one side without going forward or backward
Amble
Amble is also called?
Traverse or sidestep
