4 - Comparative Muscular System Flashcards
Types of muscle tissue:
– Skeletal
– Smooth
– Cardiac
Muscle fiber bundles:
•Endomysium
•Perimysium
•Epimysium
Muscle fiber arrangement:
•Strap/parallel
•Fusiform
•Pennate or penniform
Muscle attachment:
▪ Tendinous attachment
▪ Aponeurotic attachment
Fleshy attachment:
▪ Origin and insertion
▪ Head and belly
Functional Grouping of Muscles:
- Flexor
- Extensor
- Adductors
- Abductors
- Sphincters
- Cutaneous muscle
– Muscle on the side of the limb toward which a joint bends
Flexor
– Muscle on the opposite side of flexor muscles
Extensor
◼ Muscles that tend to pull a limb toward the median plane
Adductors
◼ Those that tend to move a limb away from the median plane
Abductors
◼ Muscle that surround an opening, whether striated or smooth
Sphincters
◼ Found in the superficial fascia between the skin and the deep fascia covering the skeletal muscle
◼ Attach to the skin, responsible for the movement of the skin
Cutaneous muscle
Synovial Structures of Muscles:
•Joint capsule
•Bursa
•Synovial sheath
– A synovial sac between two structures that tend to rub against each other
Bursa
– Resembles an elongated bursa with the edges of the bursa (sheath) reflected around the tendon until they meet
– Surrounds a tendon over a great distance and facilitates frictionless motion
Synovial sheath
The double fold of membrane formed where the edges of the synovial sheath is the?
Mesotendon
Thus a synovial sheath has three parts:
■Exotendon
■Endotendon
■Mesotendon
Bursa between tendon of infraspinatus and caudal part of greater tubercle of humerus?
Infraspinatus bursa
Bursa underlies the biceps tendon between greater and lesser tubercle of humerus?
Intertubercular bursa
Bursa over the olecranon tuber? – inconstant
Subcutaneous olecranon bursa
Bursa on the dorsal surface of the carpus?
Subcutaneous (precarpal) bursa
Bursa lies between the cannon bone and tendon of these muscles?
Subtendinous bursa of common and lateral digital extensors
Bursa between deep flexor tendon and navicular bone?
Navicular bursa
Synovial sheaths are found only in ______ part of limb?
distal
• Common sheath enclosing tendons of superficial and deer flexors. Begins 10 cm above radio-carpal joint and ends at middle of metacarpus.
CARPAL SHEATH
• Encloses deep and superficial flexor tendons. Begins in distal fourth of metacarpus and ends at middle of 2nd phalanx.
DIGITAL SHEATH
Bursa between the accessory gluteal and lower part of the greater trochanter?
Trochanteric bursa
peculiarity in the horse lies deep to the proximal end of the intermediate patellar ligament
Proximal infrapatellar bursa
Bursa lies under the distal end of the same ligament above(Proximal infrapatellar bursa)?
Distal infrapatellar bursa
Bursa between the calcanean tuber and cap of the SF tendon?
Subtendinous calcanean bursa
Bursa inconstant lies in the same position as above(Subtendinous calcanean bursa) but under the skin?
Subcutaneous calcanean bursa
Bursa of the medial tibialis cranialis tendon?
Subtendinous (cunean) bursa
• The clavicle is either completely absent or is a small rudiment embedded in the braciocephalic muscle.
• Because of this, the forelimbs are united to the trunk by muscles.
• This union is classified as a?
synsarcosis
Extrinsic Muscles of Thoracic Limb.
• Superficial layer:
▫ Trapezius
▫ Latissimus dorsi
▫ Superficial pectoral
▫ Omotransversarius
▫ Brachiocephalicus
Extrinsic Muscles of Thoracic Limb.
• Deep layer
▫ Rhomboideus
▫ Deep pectoral
▫ Serratus ventralis
Extrinsic Muscles.
• Muscles acting on the Shoulder Girdle:
▫ Trapezius
▫ Rhomboideus
▫ Serratus ventralis
▫ Omotransversarius
Intrinsic Muscles of the Shoulder:
• Deltoid
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Teres major
• Teres minor
• Subscapularis
• Coracobrachialis
• Biceps brachii
• Triceps brachii, long head
Muscles acting on the Shoulder Joint.
•Extensors of the shoulder:
– Brachiocephalicus
– Supraspinatus
Muscles acting on the Shoulder Joint.
•Flexors of the shoulder:
– Teres major
– Latissimus dorsi
– Infraspinatus
– Teres minor
Muscles acting on the Shoulder Joint.
•Adductors of the shoulder:
– Pectoral muscles (“brisket”)
– Coracobrachialis
– Subscapularis
Muscles acting on the Shoulder Joint.
•Abductors of the shoulder:
– deltoideus
Muscles Acting on the Elbow.
• Extensors of the elbow (caudomedial side):
▫ Triceps brachii
▫ Anconeus
▫ Tensor fasciae antebrachii
Muscles Acting on the Elbow.
• Flexors of the elbow (craniolateral side):
▫ Biceps brachii
▫ Brachialis
▫ Pronator teres
▫ Extensor muscles of the carpus and digits (secondary
function)
Muscles acting on the Carpus.
•Extensors of the Carpus (craniolateral aspect):
– Extensor carpi radialis
– Extensor carpi obliquus (abductor pollicis longus)
– Extensor carpi ulnaris (ulnaris lateralis)
– Extensors of the digits
Muscles acting on the Carpus.
•Flexors of the Carpus (caudomedial aspect):
– Flexor carpi radialis
– Flexor carpi ulnaris
Muscles Acting on the Digits.
•Extensors of the Digit:
– Common digital extensor
– Lateral digital extensor
Muscles Acting on the Digits.
•Flexors of the digits:
– Deep digital flexor
– Superficial digital flexor
– Interosseous
Interosseous muscle in large animals replaced by connective tissue and known as?
suspensory ligament
– Small muscle in the superficial fascia over the extensor carpi radialis muscle in carnivores
– It runs with the cephalic vein on the cranial aspect of the forearm
– Roughly the same size as the vein for which it may be mistaken in venipuncture
Brachioradialis
– Has tendons to each digit (dog-5, horse-1, ruminants-2) except in pig which has only 2 for its 4 digits
– In horses, inserts on proximal end of middle phalanx and distal end of proximal phalanx which prevent “dorsal buckling” (hyperflexion)
Superficial digital flexor
- A tendinous band connecting the tendon of superficial digital flexor to the radius
- Plays a part in the stay apparatus known as the “radial head”, “proximal check lig.”, “superior check lig.”, and “radial check lig”
Accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor
- A tendinous band connecting tendon of deep digital flexor to the palmar carpal ligament
- Syn: “distal check lig”, “carpal check lig” and “inferior check lig”
Accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor
Muscles Acting on the Hip Joint.
▣ Extensors of the Hip (hamstring muscle):
◼ Biceps femoris
◼ Semitendinosus
◼ Semimembranosus
◼ Middle gluteal muscles
Muscles Acting on the Hip Joint.
▣ Flexors of the Hip:
◼ Iliacus and Psoas major (iliopsoas)
◼ Sartorius
◼ Rectus femoris
◼ Tensor fasciae latae
Muscles Acting on the Hip Joint.
▣ Abductors of the Hip:
◼ Deep gluteal
◼ Superficial gluteal
◼ Tensor fasciae latae
Muscles Acting on the Hip Joint.
▣ Adductors and Rotators of the Hip:
◼ Gracilis
◼ Pectineus
◼ Adductor
◼ Quadratus femoris
◼ Internal and external obturator
◼ Gemelli
outward rotators of thigh
Internal and external obturator
- The area bounded by the sartorius muscle cranially, pectineus muscle caudally and body wall dorsally
– The site for pulse taking in carnivores, since femoral artery passes through it
Femoral triangle
The femoral canal has the following boundaries:
– Anterior – 1. ?
– Posterior – 2. ?
– Medial – 3. ?
– Lateral – 4. ?
- sartorius
- pectineus
- gracilis and femoral fascia
- ilio-psoas and medial vastus
Muscles of Mastication.
most powerful muscle that close the jaw
Masseter
Muscles of Mastication.
close the jaw
Pterygoideus
Muscles of Mastication.
opens the mouth
Digastricus
– Group of muscles dorsal to the transverse process
Epaxial muscles
– Muscles ventral to the transverse process of the vertebrae
Hypaxial muscles
fibrous cord formed by the joining of the aponeurosis of the abdominal muscles from both sides
Linea alba
• The passageway for abdominal structures out of the abdomen
• A collapsed canal between the deep and superficial inguinal ring
Inguinal canal
