8 - Comparative Respiratory System Flashcards
Functions of the Respiratory System:
● Ventilation and gas exhange
● Phonation
● Olfaction
● Heat regulation
The respiratory system consists of the following parts/organs:
● Nasal cavity
● Pharynx
● Larynx
● Trachea
● Bronchi
● Lungs
The nasal cavity opens externally at the?
nostrils, or external nares
nostrils, or external nares communicates behind with the naso-pharynx through the?
posterior nares
What is common to the passage of food as well as air?
pharynx
What is the organ of voice. It also regulates the passage of air to and from the lungs.
larynx
What are permanently patent conducting tubes?
trachea and bronchi
What ventilate the body?
lungs
What is a cylindrical passage enclosed by all the bones of the face except the mandible?
nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is a cylindrical passage enclosed by all the bones of the face except the?
mandible
nasal cavity is divided into similar halves by the?
nasal septum
What bones project from the lateral walls and divide each half into:-
● dorsal nasal meatus,
● Middle nasal meatus ,
● ventral nasal meatus.
dorsal and ventral turbinate bones
The dorsal and ventral turbinate bones project from the lateral walls and divide each half into:-
● dorsal nasal meatus,
● middle nasal meatus ,
● ventral nasal meatus.
What is the only direct passage between the nostrils and pharynx?
ventral nasal meatus
What is situated between the nasal septum and the turbinate bones?
common nasal meatus
The philtrum is deep in what animals?
Carnivores and small ruminants
The philtrum is shalow or absent in what animals?
Pig, ox and horse
● the hairless region of the most rostral parts of the nose;
● no sebaceous gland instead has numerous sweat glands that keep the nostrils moist;
● it has grooves and bumps that are distinctive and allow nose prints to be used for positive individual identification
Planum
Planum in sheep, goat and dogs?
Planum nasale
Planum in pigs is called?
Planum rostrale
Planum in cows is called?
Planum nasolabiale
Planum is absent in what animal? instead covered with short, fine hairs
Horse
● a blind-ended passage through the horse nostrils into a blind cutaneous pouch lateral to the true nasal cavity;
● aids in passive dilation of the nostrils during vigorous ventilation
● When “tubing” a horse, a thumb placed in the diverticulum will aid in directing the tube into the ventral nasal meatus
Nasal diverticulum (false nostril)
● The bone in the nose of a pig to help it “root”
Rostral bone (os rostrale/rostri)
passage of nasal tube through the nasal cavity, pharynx and esophagus to the stomach
“Tubing”
This animal’s paranasal sinuses have maxillary, frontal, sphenopalatine, and ethmoidal sinuses.
Horse
This animal’s paranasal sinuses have frontal, palatomaxillary, lacrimal, sphenoidal, and conchal sinuses.
Cattle
This animal’s paranasal sinuses have frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, sphenoidal, and conchal sinuses.
Pig
This animal’s paranasal sinuses have a maxillary recess, frontal, and sphenoidal sinuses.
Dog
● A common soft tissue conduit for food and air, lying caudal to the oral and nasal cavities.
Pharynx
The walls of the pharynx are supported by what muscle? whose actions assist in deglutition (swallowing) and phonation.
striated muscles
The pharyngotympanic, or auditory, tubes drain from the middle ear to the? It helps equalize the pressure within the middle ear with atmospheric pressure.
nasopharynx
What tubes drain from the middle ear to the nasopharynx?
pharyngotympanic, or auditory, tubes
What pouches are paired ventral diverticulae of the eustachian (auditory) tubes?
guttural pouches
● This is a cartilaginous valvular apparatus which connects the pharynx and the trachea.
● It has three functions:
● to regulate air volume in respiration,
● to prevent aspiration of foreign bodies,
● to act as the organ of phonation (vocalization)
larynx
larynx common name is?
voice box
What is a spade shaped lies just caudal to the base of the tongue is mostly elastic cartilage?
Epiglottic cartilage (Epiglottis)
signet ring shaped cartilage with broad dorsal portion
Cricoid cartilage
What cartilages resembles a shield?
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple in humans)
ventral projection to which is attached the vocal ligament (vocal cord)
Vocal process
lateral process; point of insertion of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx esp. dorsal cricoarytenoideus muscle
Muscular process
the rostral hornprocess; absent in cats
Corniculate process
● the entrance or pharyngeal aperture. Bounded in front by epiglottis;
● behind by corniculate process of arytenoids; laterally by aryepiglottic folds.
Laryngeal opening (aditus laryngis)
laterally has ventricular fold and lateral fold which leads into laryngeal saccule
Vestibule
slit – like gap bounded on either side by vocal cords/ligaments
Glottic cleft (Rima glottidis)
posterior compartment continuous with tract (Larynx - Laryngeal Cavity)
Infraglottic cavity
● animals that has vestibular (ventricular) ligament cranial to the vocal ligament;
● an outpocketing of mucous membrane between the two ligaments forms a blind pouch called lateral ventricle
Horses and swine
Lateral ventricle of the larynx is present in what animals?
horse, pig and dog
Lateral ventricle of the larynx is absent in what animals?
cat and ruminants
What membrane occupies thyroid notch?
Crico-thyroid membrane
What membrane connects body of thyroid with body and cornua of hyoid?
Thyro-hyoid membrane
Ligament from oral surface of epiglottis to body of hyoid?
Hyo-epiglottic ligament
Ligament from base of epiglottis to body and medial surface of laminae of thyroid?
Thyro-epiglottic ligament
What ligament connects bases of arytenoids?
Transverse arytenoid ligament
Ligament from vocal process of arytenoids to body of thyroid?
Vocal ligament
Ligament from cuneiform process to lateral surface vocal process?
Ventricular ligament
What membrane connects cricoid with 1st tracheal ring?
Crico-tracheal membrane
What intrinsic muscle of larynx abduct vocal folds to open the glottis?
Dorsal cricoarytenoideus
What intrinsic muscle of larynx closes the rima
Lateral cricoarytenoideus
What intrinsic muscle of larynx assists in closing of rima; the only UNPAIRED m.?
Transverse arytenoideus
What intrinsic muscle of larynx constrict/close glottis?
Thyroarytenoideus and Hyoepiglotticus
What intrinsic muscle of larynx tenses the vocal cords?
Cricothyroideus
What intrinsic muscle of larynx closes the rima and relaxes the vocal folds?
Ventricularis and Vocalis
– a condition in horses;
● Paralysis of the muscle that abducts the arytenoid cartilages and thereby increases the diameter of the airway (the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle)
Laryngeal Hemiplegia or Roaring
A horse that is a roarer cannot expand the ? during forceful inspiration and consequently has difficulty bringing sufficient air into the lungs when exercising.
rima glottidis
inflammation of the larynx
Laryngitis
placement of endotracheal tube into the larynx and trachea
Intubation
in the horse – opening the larynx
Ventral laryngotomy
What is a cartilaginous and membranous tube which extends from the caudal end of the larynx to the hilus of the lungs where it divides into,the left and right bronchi.
trachea
trachea is formed by a series of what rings? composed of hyaline cartilage.
C-shaped tracheal rings
C-shaped tracheal rings are joined to one another by what ligament?
elastic annular ligaments
trachea dorsal side is completed by connective tissue and a smooth muscle called?
trachealis
Tracheal rings incomplete dorsally in thoracic region in what animal?
● In cervical region they overlap dorsally from right to left.
Horse
The ends of the tracheal rings are in apposition, forming a dorsal ridge in thoracic region in what animals?
● In cervical region they are incomplete dorsally.
Ox/sheep
Tracheal rings overlaps dorsally both in thorax and neck in what animals?
Pigs
In what animal the tracheal rings are slender and U-shaped.
● The end of the rings do not meet dorsally so that the trachea has a membranous dorsal wall
Dog
surgical opening of the trachea from the outside of the upper neck
Tracheostomy
The trachea passes caudad as far as the base of the heart, where it divides into?
two principal bronchi
The principal bronchi branch into secondary (also called ?)
lobar
The principal bronchi branch into secondary (also called lobar) then?
tertiary bronchi
The walls of these bronchi are supported by?
cartilaginous plates
When the airways divide to the extent that they are less than 1 mm in diameter, the cartilage disappears, and these airways are called?
bronchioles
The bronchiole eventually branches into several?
alveolar ducts
The bronchiole eventually branches into several alveolar ducts, which terminate in clusters of air sacs, called the ?; It is here that the exchange of gases with the blood takes place
alveoli
The ruminants and pig have an additional ? arising cranial to the principal bronchi; it supplies the cranial lobe of the right lung
tracheal bronchus or the third bronchus
● They are paired structures which occupy the greater part of thoracic cavity.
● They accurately molded to the walls of the cavity and to the neighboring organs.
● It is soft and spongy to the touch. It crepitates when pressed.
● Its color is bright pink in life and it floats in water.
Lungs
Two surfaces of lungs?
costal and mediastinal
Two borders of lungs?
dorsal and ventral
caudal end of lungs resting on the diaphragm
base
cranial end of lungs lying in the thoracic inlet
Apex
Can be distinguished by the following features:
◦ It is much smaller,
◦ It is firmer to the touch and does not crepitate.
◦ It is pale gray in color,
◦ It does not float in water
Fetal lung
● The root of the lung is composed of structures which enter or leave the lung at the hilus on the mediastinal surface.
● These are:-
● Bronchus,
● Pulmonary artery,
● Pulmonary veins,
● Bronchial artery,
● Pulmonary nerves,
● Pulmonary lymph vessels.
Generalized Pattern of the Left Lung Lobes:
- Cranial (apical) Lobe
- Cranial part
- Caudal part
- Caudal (diaphragmatic) Lobe
Generalized Pattern of the Right Lung Lobes:
- Cranial (apical) Lobe
- Middle (cardiac) Lobe
- Caudal (diaphragmatic) Lobe
- Accessory (intermediate or azygos) Lobe
This animal lungs is not divided into lobes by deep fissures.
HORSE
Total lung lobes of horse?
HORSE5
This animals lungs lobes are divided into lobes by deep interlobar fissures.
OX/SHEEP
What animal has same as ox and sheep but left lung can be regarded as having only two lobes.
● Diaphragmatic lobe is marked off by a distinct fissure.
● Anterior to this apical and cardiac lobes are separated only by cardiac notch.
PIG
In what animal the right lung is larger than left?
● Divided into four lobes by very deep fissures which extend to root
DOG
The act of striking a part with short sharp blows and listening for the sound made.
Percussion
● Listening to air passing through airways of the lungs with a stethoscope.
● The normal resting animal will have quiet or inaudible sounds.
● An excited, panting dog will have loud sounds.
● Normal lung sounds are louder over the trachea and its bifurcation, decreasing toward the periphery of the lungs.
● Normal sounds resemble wind gently rustling leaves
Auscultation of the lungs
● intermittent explosive sounds.
● They are caused by sudden opening of an airway or popping of secretion bubbles.
● They are associated with bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia or pulmonary edema
Discontinuous crackles
caused by air passing through narrowed airways.
Continuous wheezes
normal sounds are harsher and louder than in the horse
Auscultation of the ox
a restricted area due to the thoracic limb
Auscultation triangle
● The surgical puncture of the chest wall for drainage of fluid.
● It is performed in the dependent (lowest) point on the standing animal.
● This is caudal to the heart and cranial to the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection.
● This varies from side to side and species to species.
Pleurocentesis/thoracocentesis
● Surgical opening of the thoracic cavity.
● These openings can be through an intercostal space, by removal of a rib, or by splitting the sternum (mediastinotomy)
Thoracotomy
splitting the sternum?
mediastinotomy
The removal of a lung lobe.
Lobectomy
must be done craniodorsal to the basal border of the lung
Lung biopsy
● Are two in number- right and left.
● They are serous membranes which line the walls of the thorax and are reflected over the surface of the lungs.
● They are in three parts:
● Parietal,
● Mediastinal,
● Pulmonary.
pleura
Pleura are in three parts:
● Parietal,
● Mediastinal,
● Pulmonary.
pleura are attached to the structures which they cover by what tissue?
subserous tissue
In the case of the parietal pleura which covers the thoracic wall, this subserous tissue is called?
endothoracic fascia
where costal parietal pleura turns vertebrally to become mediastinal pleura.
Vertebral
where costal parietal pleura turns dorsally to become mediastinal pleura.
Sternal
where the parietal pleura is reflected onto the diaphragm
Diaphragmatic
What is the space formed at the mid-line by the apposition of right and left pleural membranes?
mediastinum
mediastinum is divided into three parts:
● Precardial,
● Cardial,
● Postcardial.
The precardial mediastinum contains:
● Trachea,
● esophagus,
Cardial mediastinum contains:
● Heart and pericardium,
● Start of arterial system and end of venous system,
● Oesophagus,
● Termination of trachea,
● Thoracic duct,
● Phrenic, cardiac and pulmonary nerves,
● Vagus and sympathetic nerves,
● Left recurrent nerve
Postcardial mediastinum contains:
● Aorta,
● Vena azygos,
● Thoracic duct,
● Oesophagus,
● Vagus and sympathetic nerves,
● Left phrenic nerve
What is a broad unpaired muscle which forms a partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities?
diaphragm
cartilages of ribs 8 , 9 and 10. Thereafter the following ribs at an increasing distance from their sternal ends. ( part of diaphragm )
Costal part
the upper part of the xiphoid. ( part of diaphragm )
Sternal part
Hiatus which transmits:
● Aorta ,
● Vena azygos,
● Cisterna chylli.
Aortic hiatus
Hiatus which transmits:
● esophagus
● esophageal branch of gastric artery,
● Vagus nerves.
Esophageal hiatus
Foramen which transmits the vena cava
Caval foramen
● Air or gas in the pleural space
Pneumothorax
● Thoracic empyema (accumulation of pus in the thoracic cavity)
Pyothorax
