9: Bacteria Flashcards
also known as Group B streptococci. also beta-hemolytic
streptococcus agalatiae
frequent cause of neonatal sepsis
streptococcus agalatiae
also known as Group A streptococci
streptococcus pyogenes
What did Bergey base all of the classifications in 1923 on?
phenotypic qualities
what are the two domains of Prokaryotes?
Archaea and Bacteria
Laboratory identification of bacterial species usually starts with what?
Gram staining and morphology
prokaryotes that have cell walls not composed of peptidoglycan and typically found in extreme environments
archaea
Rickettsia gram stain? morphology?
gram-negative
bacilli, or coccobacilli
why can’t rickettsia be grown on synthetic material?
they are obligate intracellular parasites, so they can only grow in living animals (usch as chick embryos) or cell cultures
how are most rickettsias transmitted to humans?
insect or tick bites
causes epidemic typhus
rickettsia
how is epidemic typhus transmitted? what is it often associated with?
body lice, war and disaster
what causes the characteristic spotted rash of epidemic typhus?
damage to the permeability of blood capillaries
Bacteria of the genus _____ are aerobic, gram-negative diplococci that usually inhabit the mucous membranes of mammals
neisseria
causative agent of STD gonorrhea
neisseria gonorrhoeae
goes after cervix/penis in adults, and eyes in babies
neisseria gonorrhoeae
leading cause of meningitis in young adults and children, that can have a fulminant progression
neisseria meningitidis
inflammation of membrane covering the brain and spinal cord
meningitis
fulminant
very rapid
the fulminant progression of what bacteria/disease causes hemorrhagic lesions? what causes these lesions?
neisseria meningitidis, endotoxin causes coagulation problems, leading to hemorrhagic lesions
The genus _____ consists of typically aerobic (a few can grow anaerobically), gram-negative rods that are motile by polar flagella, either single or tufts.
Pseudomonas
Pathogenic species that produces a soluable, blue-green pigment and is associated with moist watery environments.
pseudomonas aeruginosa
blood infection
sepsis
In weakened hosts it can infect the urinary tract, burns, woulds, and cause sepsis, abscesses, and meningitis
pseudomonas aeruginosa
common cause of swimmer’s ear
pseudomonas aeruginosa
scientific term for swimmer’s ear
otitis externa
can grow with only minute traces of carbon sources and may even grow in antiseptic solutions. often capable of great antibiotic resistance, and are responsible for about 10% of nosocomial infections, especially in burn units. also an important contributer to food spoilage due to their ability to grow at refrigerator temperatures and the variety of nutrient sources.
pseudomonas aeruginosa
nosocomial infections
infections acquired in health care settings
why are pseudomonads often capable of great antibiotic resistance?
probably because of their ability to control the entrance or expulsion of antibiotic
What 2 bacterial infections are patients with cystic fibrosis especially prone to?
pseudomonas aeruginosa and
stenotophomonas maltophilia
how do some pseudomonads perform anaerobic respiration, when they are classified as aerobic?
some can substitute nitrate for oxygen as their terminal electron acceptor
name refers to a “unit that feeds on few substrates” and “likes maltose”
stenotrophomonas
Members of the genus ______ are aerobic, nonfermentative, gram-negative rods. it is motile with a single polar flagellum and is ubiquitous in aqueous environments, soil, and plants.
stenotrophomonas
formerly classified as pseudomonas maltophilia
stenotrophomonas maltophilia
frequently colonizes breathing tubes, such as endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes, the respiratory tract, ECMO devices, and indwelling urinary catheters
stenotrophomonas maltophilia
what makes stenotrophomonas maltophilia naturally resistant to many broad spectrum antibiotics, including all carbapenems?
it produces two inducible chromosomal “metallo-beta-lactamases” (enzymes that break down the beta-lactam ring in antibiotics)
Members of the genus ____ are gram-negative rods that are slightly curved (comas), facultatively anaerobic, and are found mostly in aquatic habitats.
vibrio
causative agent of cholera
vibrio cholerae
disease is characterized by a profuse and watery diarrhea that can lead to a loss of salts and fluid of 3-5 gallons per day, leading to death by hypovolemic shock
vibrio cholerae, cholera
how does cholera kill you?
hypovolemic shock
how do you get cholera?
sewage contaminated drinking water
ECMO
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Members of this group are facultatively anaerobic, straight gram-negative rods that are, if motile, peritrichously flagellated. They inhabit the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals. Are active fermenters of glucose and other carbohydrate. Many have pili for conjugation
enterobacteriales
what are enterobacteriales commonly called?
enterics, fecal coliforms
List the 6 enterobacteriales discussed (PESSKY)
Proteus, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Yersinia
most common enteric. indicator for water tests. can be a cause of ascending UTIs and some strains can cause traveler’s diarrhea or serious foodborne illness. typically ferments lactose
Escherichia coli
strain of E.coli that is notorious for producing toxins that can cause deadly foodborne illness. ground beef is particularly susceptible to contamination
E. coli 0157:H7
Almost all members of this genus are potentially pathogenic. They are common inhabitants of the intestinal tracts of many animals, particularly poultry and cattle. Under unsanitary conditions, they can contaminate food.
Salmonella
most severe illness caused by salmonella
Typhoid fever
less severe intestinal illness by this bacterium and it is one of the most common forms of foodborne illness
salmonellosis
name 2 diseases caused by salmonella
typhoid fever and salmonellosis
How do they try to control salmonella on the surface of eggs?
UV light, nonionizing radiation
enteric found only in humans. cause bacillary dysentery
shigella
another name for bacillary dysentery
shigellosis
diarrhea with blood and/or pus
dysentery
who are most vulnerable to shigellosis?
children in day-care settings
members of genus are commonly found in soil or water. part of enterics
Klebsiella
occasionally causes a serious form of pneumonia in humans where their coughed up sputum may look like currant jelly. produces carbapenemases/beta-lactamases
Klebsiella pneumoniae
NDM-1
New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase, type 1
gene for NDM-1 enzyme is now widespread in what other bacteria?
Escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae
KPC
klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase
most common carbapenemase
KPC
Colonies of this bacteria growing on agar exhibit a swarming type of growth that leads to concentric waves of migration. it is implicated in many infection in wounds, and UTIs
Proteus
How does proteus perform concentric waves of migration?
peritrichously flagellated
causes the plague,or the Black Death. typically characterized by buboes, fever, and death
yersinia pestis
how is yersinia pestis transmitted?
urban rats, ground squirrels, fleas, or respiratory droplets
pleomorphic gram-negative bacilli commonly inhabit the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract. require blood in the culture medium
haemophilus
named because they incorrectly believed in caused influenza, but it is a secondary invader of influenza. however, it is responsible for meningitis, airway infection, otitis media in children, and pneumonia in compromised adults.
haemophilus influenzae
buboes
swollen lymph nodes
pleomorphic
varies in shape
middle ear infection
otitis media
slender gram-negative rods that are helical or vibrioid. motile with flagella and are microaerophilic
epsilonproteobacteria
vibrioid
helical bacteria that do not have a complete turn
2 types of epsilonproteobacteria
campylobacter and helicobacter
leading cause of foodborne intestinal disease in humans. usually transmitted to humans by animals or contaminated animal products (like unpasteurized milk)
campylobacter jejuni
what autoimmune disease can campylobacter jejuni trigger?
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
demyelinating disease that causes peripheral neuropathy and is brought on by an epsilonproteobacteria
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
zoonosis
bacteria from animal products
Name 5 zoonosis (LCSBC)
Listeria monocytogenes Cryptococcus neoformans Salmonella Bacillus anthracis Campylobacter jejuni
most common cause of peptic ulcers in the wall of the stomach and nearby small intestine of humans and as a major cause of stomach cancer
helicobacter pylori
two closely related genera that do not have any peptidoglycan in their cell walls and are obligate intracellular parasites.can be cultivated in cell cultures, lab animals, or embryonated chicken eggs. gram-negative coccoid bacteria
chlamydia and chlamydophila (collectively referred to as chlamydiae)
obligate intracellular parasite that can cause respiratory disease
chlamydophila
gram-negative coccoid bacteria that can cause trachoma or STDs, such as PID
chlamydia
trachoma
eye disease caused by chlamydia
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease, caused by chlamydia
Members of this genus live in the human intestinal tract in numbers approaching 1 billion per gram of feces. non-motile, anaerobic, gram-negative bacilli. some reside in gingival cervice
bacteroides
often cause serious infections following traumatic wounds and produce a foul odor
bacteroides
infections caused by this bacteria often results from puncture wounds or surgery and are frequent cause of peritonitis
bacteroides
an inflammation of the abdominal cavity resulting from a perforated bowel
peritonitis
bacteria that are typically coiled like a metal spring. are motile by means of axial filaments
spirochetes
most spirochetes are sensitive to?
heavy metals (arsenic, mercury) and penicillin
most of these bacteria are difficult to see with a light microscope and are difficult to Gram stain, so darkfield exam is often used
spirochetes
most important spirochete, causative agent of syphilis
treponema pallidum
disease caused by spirochetes of the genus borrelia and transmitted to humans by ticks
lyme disease
Saying to remember gram-negative bacteria
Bitches New to Epsilon Psi House Enter, and Regularly Swap Sticky Vaginosis, and Chlamydia
“Bitches”
Bacteroides
“New”
Neisseria
“Epsilon”
Epsilonproteobacteria
“Psi”
Pseudomonas
“House”
Haemophilus
“Enter”
Enterobacteriales
“Regularly”
Rickettsia
“Swap”
Spirochetes
“Vaginosis”
Vibrio
“Sticky”
Stenotrophomonas
saying to remember gram-positive bacteria
My Lactating Leaves My Breasts Soggy, Sore, and Complaining.
“My”
Mycoplasma
“Lactating”
Lactobacillus
“Leaves”
Listeria
“My” (2)
Mycobacterium
“Breasts”
Bacillus
“Soggy”
Staphylococcus
“Sore”
Streptococcus
“Complaining”
Clostridium
causes a painless chancre on penis or labia of vagina
treponema pallidum, syphilis
causes a “bull’s eye rash” in 60-80% of cases
lyme disease,
“box-car” bacillus that are obligate anaerobes, gram-positive, endospore-forming.
Clostridium
responsible for botulism, gas gangrene, and tetanus
Clostridium
causes botulism
Clostridium botulinum
causes tetanus
Clostridium tetani
causes gas gangrene
Clostridium perfringens
what patients are at high risk for gas gangrene?
trauma with avascular tissue
gangrene
necrotic tissue
gas gangrene
infected necrotic tissue (bacteria produce gas)
Members of the genus_____ are typically rods that produce endospores. commonly in soil and only a few are pathogenic to humans. they are nonmotile faculative anaerobes
Bacillus
cause a disease of cattle, sheep, and horses and can be transmitted to humans. causes coal-black lesions. often mentioned as possible agent of biowarfare
bacillus anthracis
best know microbial insect pathogen. produces intracellular crystals when it sporulates. produced endospores and crystalline toxin (Bt)
Bacillus thuringiensis
typically occur in grape-like clusters and grow relatively well in high osmotic pressure and low moisture, such as human skin or in human nose
Staphylococcus
most important pathogenic species in genus, can cause skin infections, abscesses, and foodbore illness. named in part because of its typical yellow-pigmented colonies
staphylococcus aureus
disease of childhood. skin infection. “honey colored stuck on lesions”. highly contagious. caused by 2 different bacteria
impetigo
what two bacteria can cause impetigo
staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes
aerotolerant anaerobes that are an important part of our nomal flora and also frequently used in industrial fermentation (yogurt, sauerkraut, pickles, and buttermilk).
Lactobacillus
located in the vagina, intestinal tract, and oral cavity. passed to baby during birth. produce lactic acid, which can inhibit the growth of competing organisms. antibiotics may kill this and cause yeast infections
lactobacillus acidophilus
What does lactobacillus acidophilus use as a terminal electron acceptor?
pyruvic acid
spherical, gram-positive bacteria that typically appear in chains.
streptococci
can cause impetigo, sore throats, pneumonia, neonatal sepsis, meningitis, UTIs, rheumatic fever, and tooth decay
streptococcus
pathogenic member is acquired from contaminated animal products, especially dairy products and deli foods. grows at fridge temp (psychotroph). single polar flagellum and often spins like a “ballerina. microaerophile, slenger gram-positive bacillus. When it infects pregnant woman, leads to still birth, abortion, or serious damage to fetus
Listeria monocytogenes
highly pleomorphic because they lack a cell wall and can produce filaments that resemble fungi. can be grown on artificial media or in cell culture
mycoplasma
represent the smallest self-replicating organisms that are capable of a free-living existence
mycoplasma
causes walking pneumonia
mycoplasma pneumoniae
why doesn’t penicillin work on walking pneumonia?
mycoplasma pneumoniae lacks a cell wall (and peptidoglycan), the target of penicillin
aerobic bacilli, acid-fast staining, drug resistance, pathogenicity, occasional exhibition of filamentous growth
mycobacterium
what makes up the waxy, water-resistant outermost layer in mycobacteria? this makes the bacteria resistant to stresses, such as drying, and few antimicrobial drugs are able to enter the cell.
mycolic acids
why do mycobacteria have a slow growth rate?
nutrients enter the cell through the mycolic acid layer very slowly
responsible for tuberculosis
mycobacterium tuberculosis
responsible for leprosy
mycobacterium leprae
Why are leprosy skin lesions only superficial, and not deep in the body?
mycobacterium leprae is temperature sensitive
