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Elementary Microbiology > 9: Bacteria > Flashcards

9: Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

also known as Group B streptococci. also beta-hemolytic

A

streptococcus agalatiae

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2
Q

frequent cause of neonatal sepsis

A

streptococcus agalatiae

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3
Q

also known as Group A streptococci

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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4
Q

What did Bergey base all of the classifications in 1923 on?

A

phenotypic qualities

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5
Q

what are the two domains of Prokaryotes?

A

Archaea and Bacteria

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6
Q

Laboratory identification of bacterial species usually starts with what?

A

Gram staining and morphology

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7
Q

prokaryotes that have cell walls not composed of peptidoglycan and typically found in extreme environments

A

archaea

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8
Q

Rickettsia gram stain? morphology?

A

gram-negative

bacilli, or coccobacilli

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9
Q

why can’t rickettsia be grown on synthetic material?

A

they are obligate intracellular parasites, so they can only grow in living animals (usch as chick embryos) or cell cultures

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10
Q

how are most rickettsias transmitted to humans?

A

insect or tick bites

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11
Q

causes epidemic typhus

A

rickettsia

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12
Q

how is epidemic typhus transmitted? what is it often associated with?

A

body lice, war and disaster

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13
Q

what causes the characteristic spotted rash of epidemic typhus?

A

damage to the permeability of blood capillaries

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14
Q

Bacteria of the genus _____ are aerobic, gram-negative diplococci that usually inhabit the mucous membranes of mammals

A

neisseria

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15
Q

causative agent of STD gonorrhea

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

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16
Q

goes after cervix/penis in adults, and eyes in babies

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

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17
Q

leading cause of meningitis in young adults and children, that can have a fulminant progression

A

neisseria meningitidis

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18
Q

inflammation of membrane covering the brain and spinal cord

A

meningitis

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19
Q

fulminant

A

very rapid

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20
Q

the fulminant progression of what bacteria/disease causes hemorrhagic lesions? what causes these lesions?

A

neisseria meningitidis, endotoxin causes coagulation problems, leading to hemorrhagic lesions

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21
Q

The genus _____ consists of typically aerobic (a few can grow anaerobically), gram-negative rods that are motile by polar flagella, either single or tufts.

A

Pseudomonas

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22
Q

Pathogenic species that produces a soluable, blue-green pigment and is associated with moist watery environments.

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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23
Q

blood infection

A

sepsis

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24
Q

In weakened hosts it can infect the urinary tract, burns, woulds, and cause sepsis, abscesses, and meningitis

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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25
Q

common cause of swimmer’s ear

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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26
Q

scientific term for swimmer’s ear

A

otitis externa

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27
Q

can grow with only minute traces of carbon sources and may even grow in antiseptic solutions. often capable of great antibiotic resistance, and are responsible for about 10% of nosocomial infections, especially in burn units. also an important contributer to food spoilage due to their ability to grow at refrigerator temperatures and the variety of nutrient sources.

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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28
Q

nosocomial infections

A

infections acquired in health care settings

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29
Q

why are pseudomonads often capable of great antibiotic resistance?

A

probably because of their ability to control the entrance or expulsion of antibiotic

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30
Q

What 2 bacterial infections are patients with cystic fibrosis especially prone to?

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa and

stenotophomonas maltophilia

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31
Q

how do some pseudomonads perform anaerobic respiration, when they are classified as aerobic?

A

some can substitute nitrate for oxygen as their terminal electron acceptor

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32
Q

name refers to a “unit that feeds on few substrates” and “likes maltose”

A

stenotrophomonas

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33
Q

Members of the genus ______ are aerobic, nonfermentative, gram-negative rods. it is motile with a single polar flagellum and is ubiquitous in aqueous environments, soil, and plants.

A

stenotrophomonas

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34
Q

formerly classified as pseudomonas maltophilia

A

stenotrophomonas maltophilia

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35
Q

frequently colonizes breathing tubes, such as endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes, the respiratory tract, ECMO devices, and indwelling urinary catheters

A

stenotrophomonas maltophilia

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36
Q

what makes stenotrophomonas maltophilia naturally resistant to many broad spectrum antibiotics, including all carbapenems?

A

it produces two inducible chromosomal “metallo-beta-lactamases” (enzymes that break down the beta-lactam ring in antibiotics)

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37
Q

Members of the genus ____ are gram-negative rods that are slightly curved (comas), facultatively anaerobic, and are found mostly in aquatic habitats.

A

vibrio

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38
Q

causative agent of cholera

A

vibrio cholerae

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39
Q

disease is characterized by a profuse and watery diarrhea that can lead to a loss of salts and fluid of 3-5 gallons per day, leading to death by hypovolemic shock

A

vibrio cholerae, cholera

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40
Q

how does cholera kill you?

A

hypovolemic shock

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41
Q

how do you get cholera?

A

sewage contaminated drinking water

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42
Q

ECMO

A

extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

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43
Q

Members of this group are facultatively anaerobic, straight gram-negative rods that are, if motile, peritrichously flagellated. They inhabit the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals. Are active fermenters of glucose and other carbohydrate. Many have pili for conjugation

A

enterobacteriales

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44
Q

what are enterobacteriales commonly called?

A

enterics, fecal coliforms

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45
Q

List the 6 enterobacteriales discussed (PESSKY)

A

Proteus, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Yersinia

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46
Q

most common enteric. indicator for water tests. can be a cause of ascending UTIs and some strains can cause traveler’s diarrhea or serious foodborne illness. typically ferments lactose

A

Escherichia coli

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47
Q

strain of E.coli that is notorious for producing toxins that can cause deadly foodborne illness. ground beef is particularly susceptible to contamination

A

E. coli 0157:H7

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48
Q

Almost all members of this genus are potentially pathogenic. They are common inhabitants of the intestinal tracts of many animals, particularly poultry and cattle. Under unsanitary conditions, they can contaminate food.

A

Salmonella

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49
Q

most severe illness caused by salmonella

A

Typhoid fever

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50
Q

less severe intestinal illness by this bacterium and it is one of the most common forms of foodborne illness

A

salmonellosis

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51
Q

name 2 diseases caused by salmonella

A

typhoid fever and salmonellosis

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52
Q

How do they try to control salmonella on the surface of eggs?

A

UV light, nonionizing radiation

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53
Q

enteric found only in humans. cause bacillary dysentery

A

shigella

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54
Q

another name for bacillary dysentery

A

shigellosis

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55
Q

diarrhea with blood and/or pus

A

dysentery

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56
Q

who are most vulnerable to shigellosis?

A

children in day-care settings

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57
Q

members of genus are commonly found in soil or water. part of enterics

A

Klebsiella

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58
Q

occasionally causes a serious form of pneumonia in humans where their coughed up sputum may look like currant jelly. produces carbapenemases/beta-lactamases

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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59
Q

NDM-1

A

New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase, type 1

60
Q

gene for NDM-1 enzyme is now widespread in what other bacteria?

A

Escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae

61
Q

KPC

A

klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase

62
Q

most common carbapenemase

A

KPC

63
Q

Colonies of this bacteria growing on agar exhibit a swarming type of growth that leads to concentric waves of migration. it is implicated in many infection in wounds, and UTIs

A

Proteus

64
Q

How does proteus perform concentric waves of migration?

A

peritrichously flagellated

65
Q

causes the plague,or the Black Death. typically characterized by buboes, fever, and death

A

yersinia pestis

66
Q

how is yersinia pestis transmitted?

A

urban rats, ground squirrels, fleas, or respiratory droplets

67
Q

pleomorphic gram-negative bacilli commonly inhabit the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract. require blood in the culture medium

A

haemophilus

68
Q

named because they incorrectly believed in caused influenza, but it is a secondary invader of influenza. however, it is responsible for meningitis, airway infection, otitis media in children, and pneumonia in compromised adults.

A

haemophilus influenzae

69
Q

buboes

A

swollen lymph nodes

70
Q

pleomorphic

A

varies in shape

71
Q

middle ear infection

A

otitis media

72
Q

slender gram-negative rods that are helical or vibrioid. motile with flagella and are microaerophilic

A

epsilonproteobacteria

73
Q

vibrioid

A

helical bacteria that do not have a complete turn

74
Q

2 types of epsilonproteobacteria

A

campylobacter and helicobacter

75
Q

leading cause of foodborne intestinal disease in humans. usually transmitted to humans by animals or contaminated animal products (like unpasteurized milk)

A

campylobacter jejuni

76
Q

what autoimmune disease can campylobacter jejuni trigger?

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

77
Q

demyelinating disease that causes peripheral neuropathy and is brought on by an epsilonproteobacteria

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

78
Q

zoonosis

A

bacteria from animal products

79
Q

Name 5 zoonosis (LCSBC)

A 
Listeria monocytogenes
Cryptococcus neoformans
Salmonella
Bacillus anthracis
Campylobacter jejuni
80
Q

most common cause of peptic ulcers in the wall of the stomach and nearby small intestine of humans and as a major cause of stomach cancer

A

helicobacter pylori

81
Q

two closely related genera that do not have any peptidoglycan in their cell walls and are obligate intracellular parasites.can be cultivated in cell cultures, lab animals, or embryonated chicken eggs. gram-negative coccoid bacteria

A

chlamydia and chlamydophila (collectively referred to as chlamydiae)

82
Q

obligate intracellular parasite that can cause respiratory disease

A

chlamydophila

83
Q

gram-negative coccoid bacteria that can cause trachoma or STDs, such as PID

A

chlamydia

84
Q

trachoma

A

eye disease caused by chlamydia

85
Q

PID

A

pelvic inflammatory disease, caused by chlamydia

86
Q

Members of this genus live in the human intestinal tract in numbers approaching 1 billion per gram of feces. non-motile, anaerobic, gram-negative bacilli. some reside in gingival cervice

A

bacteroides

87
Q

often cause serious infections following traumatic wounds and produce a foul odor

A

bacteroides

88
Q

infections caused by this bacteria often results from puncture wounds or surgery and are frequent cause of peritonitis

A

bacteroides

89
Q

an inflammation of the abdominal cavity resulting from a perforated bowel

A

peritonitis

90
Q

bacteria that are typically coiled like a metal spring. are motile by means of axial filaments

A

spirochetes

91
Q

most spirochetes are sensitive to?

A

heavy metals (arsenic, mercury) and penicillin

92
Q

most of these bacteria are difficult to see with a light microscope and are difficult to Gram stain, so darkfield exam is often used

A

spirochetes

93
Q

most important spirochete, causative agent of syphilis

A

treponema pallidum

94
Q

disease caused by spirochetes of the genus borrelia and transmitted to humans by ticks

A

lyme disease

95
Q

Saying to remember gram-negative bacteria

A

Bitches New to Epsilon Psi House Enter, and Regularly Swap Sticky Vaginosis, and Chlamydia

96
Q

“Bitches”

A

Bacteroides

97
Q

“New”

A

Neisseria

98
Q

“Epsilon”

A

Epsilonproteobacteria

99
Q

“Psi”

A

Pseudomonas

100
Q

“House”

A

Haemophilus

101
Q

“Enter”

A

Enterobacteriales

102
Q

“Regularly”

A

Rickettsia

103
Q

“Swap”

A

Spirochetes

104
Q

“Vaginosis”

A

Vibrio

105
Q

“Sticky”

A

Stenotrophomonas

106
Q

saying to remember gram-positive bacteria

A

My Lactating Leaves My Breasts Soggy, Sore, and Complaining.

107
Q

“My”

A

Mycoplasma

108
Q

“Lactating”

A

Lactobacillus

109
Q

“Leaves”

A

Listeria

110
Q

“My” (2)

A

Mycobacterium

111
Q

“Breasts”

A

Bacillus

112
Q

“Soggy”

A

Staphylococcus

113
Q

“Sore”

A

Streptococcus

114
Q

“Complaining”

A

Clostridium

115
Q

causes a painless chancre on penis or labia of vagina

A

treponema pallidum, syphilis

116
Q

causes a “bull’s eye rash” in 60-80% of cases

A

lyme disease,

117
Q

“box-car” bacillus that are obligate anaerobes, gram-positive, endospore-forming.

A

Clostridium

118
Q

responsible for botulism, gas gangrene, and tetanus

A

Clostridium

119
Q

causes botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

120
Q

causes tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

121
Q

causes gas gangrene

A

Clostridium perfringens

122
Q

what patients are at high risk for gas gangrene?

A

trauma with avascular tissue

123
Q

gangrene

A

necrotic tissue

124
Q

gas gangrene

A

infected necrotic tissue (bacteria produce gas)

125
Q

Members of the genus_____ are typically rods that produce endospores. commonly in soil and only a few are pathogenic to humans. they are nonmotile faculative anaerobes

A

Bacillus

126
Q

cause a disease of cattle, sheep, and horses and can be transmitted to humans. causes coal-black lesions. often mentioned as possible agent of biowarfare

A

bacillus anthracis

127
Q

best know microbial insect pathogen. produces intracellular crystals when it sporulates. produced endospores and crystalline toxin (Bt)

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

128
Q

typically occur in grape-like clusters and grow relatively well in high osmotic pressure and low moisture, such as human skin or in human nose

A

Staphylococcus

129
Q

most important pathogenic species in genus, can cause skin infections, abscesses, and foodbore illness. named in part because of its typical yellow-pigmented colonies

A

staphylococcus aureus

130
Q

disease of childhood. skin infection. “honey colored stuck on lesions”. highly contagious. caused by 2 different bacteria

A

impetigo

131
Q

what two bacteria can cause impetigo

A

staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes

132
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes that are an important part of our nomal flora and also frequently used in industrial fermentation (yogurt, sauerkraut, pickles, and buttermilk).

A

Lactobacillus

133
Q

located in the vagina, intestinal tract, and oral cavity. passed to baby during birth. produce lactic acid, which can inhibit the growth of competing organisms. antibiotics may kill this and cause yeast infections

A

lactobacillus acidophilus

134
Q

What does lactobacillus acidophilus use as a terminal electron acceptor?

A

pyruvic acid

135
Q

spherical, gram-positive bacteria that typically appear in chains.

A

streptococci

136
Q

can cause impetigo, sore throats, pneumonia, neonatal sepsis, meningitis, UTIs, rheumatic fever, and tooth decay

A

streptococcus

137
Q

pathogenic member is acquired from contaminated animal products, especially dairy products and deli foods. grows at fridge temp (psychotroph). single polar flagellum and often spins like a “ballerina. microaerophile, slenger gram-positive bacillus. When it infects pregnant woman, leads to still birth, abortion, or serious damage to fetus

A

Listeria monocytogenes

138
Q

highly pleomorphic because they lack a cell wall and can produce filaments that resemble fungi. can be grown on artificial media or in cell culture

A

mycoplasma

139
Q

represent the smallest self-replicating organisms that are capable of a free-living existence

A

mycoplasma

140
Q

causes walking pneumonia

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae

141
Q

why doesn’t penicillin work on walking pneumonia?

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae lacks a cell wall (and peptidoglycan), the target of penicillin

142
Q

aerobic bacilli, acid-fast staining, drug resistance, pathogenicity, occasional exhibition of filamentous growth

A

mycobacterium

143
Q

what makes up the waxy, water-resistant outermost layer in mycobacteria? this makes the bacteria resistant to stresses, such as drying, and few antimicrobial drugs are able to enter the cell.

A

mycolic acids

144
Q

why do mycobacteria have a slow growth rate?

A

nutrients enter the cell through the mycolic acid layer very slowly

145
Q

responsible for tuberculosis

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

146
Q

responsible for leprosy

A

mycobacterium leprae

147
Q

Why are leprosy skin lesions only superficial, and not deep in the body?

A

mycobacterium leprae is temperature sensitive

Elementary Microbiology (45 decks)

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