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Elementary Microbiology > 1: Microbial World and You > Flashcards

1: Microbial World and You Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term “microorganisms” include?

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoans, microscopic algae, and viruses

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2
Q

How do the majority of microbes affect mankind?

A

they are of extreme benefit, only a few are pathogenic

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3
Q

How are microbes beneficial?

A

part of the food chain; Break down wastes and recycle important elements in the soil and water; photosynthesis; synthesize vitamins in our gut; commercial industry

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4
Q

Which vitamins do microbes synthesize in our gut?

A

some B vitamins and vitamin K

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5
Q

Essential in order for the liver to produce several important blood clotting factors

A

Vitamin K

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6
Q

How are microbes used in commercial industry?

A

Industrial chemicals; alcoholic beverages; antibiotics; food processing; enzymes; insulin production

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7
Q

allows the survival of bacteria with antibiotic-resistant genes, such as MRSA

A

misuse of antibiotics

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8
Q

MRSA

A

methicillin-resistant staphylococus aureus. Multiple-resistance, not just methicillin!

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9
Q

Caused by prolonged antibiotic use, causes spontaneous hemorrhage

A

Vitamin K Deficiency

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10
Q

first name of a microorganisms that is typically a large group

A

genus

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11
Q

second name of a microorganism that is a more exact designation of specific members

A

species

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12
Q

a bacterium commonly found on human skin

A

staphylococcus aureus

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13
Q

staphylo=?, coccus=?, aureus=?

A

staphylo=cluster; coccus=round; aureus=golden

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14
Q

genomics

A

study of all of an organism’s genes

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15
Q

relatively new field or study and has led to reclassification of many microorganisms that were previously named solely on their observed behavior

A

genomics

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16
Q

do NOT have a true membrane bound nucleus

A

Prokaryotes

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17
Q

Bacteria and Archaea

A

Prokaryotes

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18
Q

prokaryotes that do not cause human disease but are typically found in extreme environments

A

archaea

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19
Q

DO have a true membrane-bound nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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20
Q

Fungi, Protozoans, Algae, and Multicellular animal parasites

A

Eukaryotes

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21
Q

yeasts, molds, fleshy fungi

A

Fungi, eukaryotes

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22
Q

composed of hyphae that branch and intertwine

A

molds

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23
Q

long filaments

A

hyphae

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24
Q

amoebas, flagellates

A

protozoans, eukaryotes

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25
some of which are parasites
protozoans
26
organisms that derive nutrients from living hosts
parasites
27
photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes
algae
28
helminths
worms, multicellular animal parasites
29
very different form prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are very small
viruses
30
Types of Microorganisms
Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Viruses
31
acellular and structurally very simple
viruses
32
only considered to be living when they are multiplying in a host cell, and are inert when outside a host cell
viruses
33
scientific term for viruses that only demonstrate life when inside a host cell
Obligate Intracellular Parasites
34
Developed crude multiple-lens microscope and examined cork. This led to the "cell theory"
Robert Hooke
35
The idea that all living things are composed of cells.
The Cell Theory
36
Used a simple single lens microscope to examine actual microbes
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
37
life arising from non-living matter
Spontaneous Generation
38
had jars of decaying meat, disproving Spontaneous Generation
Francesco Redi
39
very primative microorganisms found in Yellowstone
archaea
40
living cells only arise from pre-existing living cells
biogenesis
41
his experiments formed the basis of aseptic techniques
Louis Pasteur
42
disproved the theory of spontaneous generation through his invention of the "swan-necked" flasks
Louis Pasteur
43
period of 60 years from 1857-1914 where many discoveries in microbiology were made
Golden Age of Microbiology
44
belief that life is everywhere
panspermia
45
process by which yeasts can produce alcohol in the absence of air
fermentation
46
In the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol in a beverage into what?
vinegar (acetic acid)
47
process by which mild heating after the alcohol is produced kills most of the spoilage bacteria. used to treat alcoholic drinks and milk
pasteurization
48
one cause of silkworm disease
protozoan
49
Joseph Lister used this during and after surgery to kill bacteria harmful to patients
phenol (carbolic acid)
50
a set of rules to prove a particular microbe causes a particular disease
Koch's postulates
51
cowpox virus
vaccinia, provides protective cross-reactive immunity to smallpox virus
52
smallpox virus
variola
53
Edward Jenner
discovered variola vaccination (1st)
54
What is chicken cholera caused by?
a bacterium
55
discovered a method to produce other vaccines
Louis Pasteur
56
What was Edward Jenner's gift of character that enabled him to make his important discovery?
listened to people and willing to experiment
57
term for 'disease-causing'
virulent
58
pathogenic microbes can lose their ability to cause disease
become attenuated (weakened) and avirulent. can be used in vaccines (lose pathogenicity, but retain immunogenicity)
59
the treatment of ANY disease by chemical substances
chemotherapy
60
two general types of chemotherapeutic agents
Synthetic drugs and antibiotics
61
synthetic drugs
made from chemicals in the laboratory
62
antibiotics
made by microbes naturally
63
The first synthetic drugs
Salvarsan, Quinine, and sulfa drugs
64
what does Salvarsan treat?
syphilis. (salvation from syphilis and contains arsenic) discovered by Paul Ehrlich
65
where does Quinine come from?
tree bark
66
study of bacteria
bacteriology
67
study of fungi
mycology
68
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
parasitology
69
the study of all of an organism's genes. advances have allowed scientists to classify according to genetic relationships with other bacteria, fungi, and protozoa
genomics
70
study of viruses, which are typically very small and are a different form of "life"
virology
71
study of the immune response to foreign substances
immunology
72
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
73
method by which genetic material from different organisms can be recombined
Recombinant DNA technology
74
bacteria modified to produce human proteins, such as insulin
example of Recombinant DNA technology

Elementary Microbiology (45 decks)

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