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Elementary Microbiology > 1: Microbial World and You > Flashcards

1: Microbial World and You Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term “microorganisms” include?

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoans, microscopic algae, and viruses

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2
Q

How do the majority of microbes affect mankind?

A

they are of extreme benefit, only a few are pathogenic

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3
Q

How are microbes beneficial?

A

part of the food chain; Break down wastes and recycle important elements in the soil and water; photosynthesis; synthesize vitamins in our gut; commercial industry

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4
Q

Which vitamins do microbes synthesize in our gut?

A

some B vitamins and vitamin K

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5
Q

Essential in order for the liver to produce several important blood clotting factors

A

Vitamin K

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6
Q

How are microbes used in commercial industry?

A

Industrial chemicals; alcoholic beverages; antibiotics; food processing; enzymes; insulin production

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7
Q

allows the survival of bacteria with antibiotic-resistant genes, such as MRSA

A

misuse of antibiotics

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8
Q

MRSA

A

methicillin-resistant staphylococus aureus. Multiple-resistance, not just methicillin!

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9
Q

Caused by prolonged antibiotic use, causes spontaneous hemorrhage

A

Vitamin K Deficiency

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10
Q

first name of a microorganisms that is typically a large group

A

genus

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11
Q

second name of a microorganism that is a more exact designation of specific members

A

species

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12
Q

a bacterium commonly found on human skin

A

staphylococcus aureus

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13
Q

staphylo=?, coccus=?, aureus=?

A

staphylo=cluster; coccus=round; aureus=golden

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14
Q

genomics

A

study of all of an organism’s genes

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15
Q

relatively new field or study and has led to reclassification of many microorganisms that were previously named solely on their observed behavior

A

genomics

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16
Q

do NOT have a true membrane bound nucleus

A

Prokaryotes

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17
Q

Bacteria and Archaea

A

Prokaryotes

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18
Q

prokaryotes that do not cause human disease but are typically found in extreme environments

A

archaea

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19
Q

DO have a true membrane-bound nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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20
Q

Fungi, Protozoans, Algae, and Multicellular animal parasites

A

Eukaryotes

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21
Q

yeasts, molds, fleshy fungi

A

Fungi, eukaryotes

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22
Q

composed of hyphae that branch and intertwine

A

molds

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23
Q

long filaments

A

hyphae

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24
Q

amoebas, flagellates

A

protozoans, eukaryotes

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25
Q

some of which are parasites

A

protozoans

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26
Q

organisms that derive nutrients from living hosts

A

parasites

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27
Q

photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes

A

algae

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28
Q

helminths

A

worms, multicellular animal parasites

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29
Q

very different form prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are very small

A

viruses

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30
Q

Types of Microorganisms

A

Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Viruses

31
Q

acellular and structurally very simple

32
Q

only considered to be living when they are multiplying in a host cell, and are inert when outside a host cell

33
Q

scientific term for viruses that only demonstrate life when inside a host cell

A

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

34
Q

Developed crude multiple-lens microscope and examined cork. This led to the “cell theory”

A

Robert Hooke

35
Q

The idea that all living things are composed of cells.

A

The Cell Theory

36
Q

Used a simple single lens microscope to examine actual microbes

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

37
Q

life arising from non-living matter

A

Spontaneous Generation

38
Q

had jars of decaying meat, disproving Spontaneous Generation

A

Francesco Redi

39
Q

very primative microorganisms found in Yellowstone

40
Q

living cells only arise from pre-existing living cells

A

biogenesis

41
Q

his experiments formed the basis of aseptic techniques

A

Louis Pasteur

42
Q

disproved the theory of spontaneous generation through his invention of the “swan-necked” flasks

A

Louis Pasteur

43
Q

period of 60 years from 1857-1914 where many discoveries in microbiology were made

A

Golden Age of Microbiology

44
Q

belief that life is everywhere

A

panspermia

45
Q

process by which yeasts can produce alcohol in the absence of air

A

fermentation

46
Q

In the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol in a beverage into what?

A

vinegar (acetic acid)

47
Q

process by which mild heating after the alcohol is produced kills most of the spoilage bacteria. used to treat alcoholic drinks and milk

A

pasteurization

48
Q

one cause of silkworm disease

49
Q

Joseph Lister used this during and after surgery to kill bacteria harmful to patients

A

phenol (carbolic acid)

50
Q

a set of rules to prove a particular microbe causes a particular disease

A

Koch’s postulates

51
Q

cowpox virus

A

vaccinia, provides protective cross-reactive immunity to smallpox virus

52
Q

smallpox virus

53
Q

Edward Jenner

A

discovered variola vaccination (1st)

54
Q

What is chicken cholera caused by?

A

a bacterium

55
Q

discovered a method to produce other vaccines

A

Louis Pasteur

56
Q

What was Edward Jenner’s gift of character that enabled him to make his important discovery?

A

listened to people and willing to experiment

57
Q

term for ‘disease-causing’

58
Q

pathogenic microbes can lose their ability to cause disease

A

become attenuated (weakened) and avirulent. can be used in vaccines (lose pathogenicity, but retain immunogenicity)

59
Q

the treatment of ANY disease by chemical substances

A

chemotherapy

60
Q

two general types of chemotherapeutic agents

A

Synthetic drugs and antibiotics

61
Q

synthetic drugs

A

made from chemicals in the laboratory

62
Q

antibiotics

A

made by microbes naturally

63
Q

The first synthetic drugs

A

Salvarsan, Quinine, and sulfa drugs

64
Q

what does Salvarsan treat?

A

syphilis. (salvation from syphilis and contains arsenic) discovered by Paul Ehrlich

65
Q

where does Quinine come from?

66
Q

study of bacteria

A

bacteriology

67
Q

study of fungi

68
Q

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

A

parasitology

69
Q

the study of all of an organism’s genes. advances have allowed scientists to classify according to genetic relationships with other bacteria, fungi, and protozoa

70
Q

study of viruses, which are typically very small and are a different form of “life”

71
Q

study of the immune response to foreign substances

A

immunology

72
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

73
Q

method by which genetic material from different organisms can be recombined

A

Recombinant DNA technology

74
Q

bacteria modified to produce human proteins, such as insulin

A

example of Recombinant DNA technology

Elementary Microbiology (45 decks)

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