3: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
structurally different, not chemically different types of living cells
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
genetic material is typically once circular chromosome, not enclosed inside membrane
prokaryotes
no histone proteins associated with their DNA
prokaryotes
no membrane bound organelles
prokaryotes
cell walls containing peptidoglycan
prokaryotes
divide by binary fission
prokaryotes
multiple chromosomes inside a membrane-bound nucleus
eukaryotes
histones proteins associated with their DNA
eukaryotes
membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotes
if they have cell walls, it is NOT made of peptidoglycan
eukaryotes
cell division by mitosis
eukaryotes
have sticky glycocalyx surrounding them
both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
forms the biofilm of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
glycocalyx
prokaryotes include which microbes?
bacteria (peptidoglycan) and archaea (lack peptidoglycan)
round or spherical
coccus
rod shaped
bacillus
bacilli which look like cocci
coccobacilli
spiral shaped or corkscrew shaped
spiral
varies in shape
pleomorphic
pairs
diplococci
chains
streptococci
packet of four
tetrads
packets of eight
sarcinae
irregular clusters
staphylococci
pairs
diplobacilli
chains
streptobacilli
resemble cocci
coccobacilli
gelatinous polymer (usually polysaccharide) that surrounds some bacterial cells and can contribute to biofilms
glycocalyx
glycocalyx is firmly attached
capsule
protects a bacterium from being phagocytized. how can it be detected?
capsule detected with negative stain
glycocalyx is loosely attached
slime layer
both capsules and slime layers can help bacteria attach to surfaces by acting as:
adhesins
most important virulance factor
ability to form capsule
flagella
used for propulsion, important in disease (ascending UTIs)
single flagellum at one pole
monotrichous
multiple flagella at both ends
amphitrichous
multiples flagella at one end
lophotrichous
flagella all over
peritrichous
movement of microbe toward or away from particular stimulus
taxis (chemotaxis, phototaxis)
bundles of fibrils that spiral around the cell. rotation of these filaments causes corkscrewing motion which helps propel it through thick environments
axial filaments
spiral-shaped bacteria with axial fimanets
spirochete treponema pallidm (syphilis
shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella. not for motility. for attachment to surfaces
fimbriae
which microbe uses fimbriae to attach to mucous membranes
gonorrheal bacteria
longer than fimbriae and usually have only 1-2 per cell. used for twitching or gliding motility
pili
function to transfer genetic material from one bacterium to another
sex pili
transfer of genetic information via sex pili
conjugation
semirigid and responsible for characteristic shape of the cell. composed of peptidoglycan
prokaryote cell wall
organisms whose cell wall contains many layers of peptidoglycan, forming a thick, rigid structure. also contains teichoic acids
gram positive (blue)
what antibiotic is useful in the treatment of gram positive bacteria due to it inhibition of formation of peptidoglycan, resulting in greatly weakened cell wall, and lysis
penicillin
destruction caused by the rupture of the plasma membrane and the loss of cytoplasm
lysis
bacteria that have less peptidoglycan, no teichoic acids, and have an additional outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid-lipoprotein layer surrounding the peptidoglycan layer.
gram negative.
penicillin and lysozyme are ineffective against which bacteria
gram negative (red)
alcohol dissolves which layer in gram negative bacteria during the gram stain and allows the crystal violet to escape.
lipopolysaccharide layer
gram positive bacteria have more ___ which retains the crystal violet
peptidoclycan
helps prevent phagocytosis and can be toxic to man and animals
lipopolysaccharide
the lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide in gram negative bacteria that causes fever, dilation of blood vessels, shock, and coagulation abnormalities in humans
lipid A or endotoxin (“gram negative sepsis” or “endotoxic shock”)
heat stable and anti-phagocytic in gram negative bacteria
lipid A or endotoxin
walking pneumonia. has little or no cell walls, making it pleomorphic.
mycoplasma pneumoniae (gram negative)
have acid-fast cell walls from mycolic acid
mycobacterium
Why wouldn’t you use penicillin to treat Mycoplasma pneumonia?
penicillin targets the peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Mycoplasma pneumonia doesn’t have a cell wall, so penicillin would be ineffective.