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Elementary Microbiology > 14: Principles of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

14: Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

disease causing, have their own mechanism for invading our tissues

A

pathogenic microorganisms

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2
Q

single most important virulence factor for microorganisms

A

capsule

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3
Q

what purpose does glycocalyx in the capsule serve?

A

prevents phagocytosis

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4
Q

science that deals with the study of disease and its causes

A

pathology

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5
Q

cause of a disease, pathology’s first concern

A

etiology

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6
Q

the manner and process by which a disease develops

A

pathogenesis

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7
Q

the invasion or colonization of the body by potentially pathogenic microbes. does NOT necessarily indicate disease

A

infection

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8
Q

obvious symptoms of infection

A

clinical infection

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9
Q

no or few symptoms of the infection

A

subclinical infection

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10
Q

any change from a state of health. an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying out its normal function

A

disease

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11
Q

any change from a state of health caused by pathogens

A

infectious disease

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12
Q

what is the best source for a baby’s normal flora?

A

the mother

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13
Q

is the placenta sterile?

A

no, resident microbes in both placenta and amniotic fluid

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14
Q

from the maternal vagina, becomes the predominant organisms in the newborns intestine (general)

A

lactobacilli

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15
Q

example of microbe from maternal vagina in newborns intestine

A

lactobacillus acidophilus

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16
Q

example of microbe from foods in newborns intestine

A

Escherichia coli

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17
Q

organisms that establish a more or less permanent residence in or on the body without normally causing disease

A

normal flora, normal microbiota

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18
Q

microbial communities that live in and on the human body

A

microbiomes

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19
Q

project to analyze microbiomes

A

Human Microbiome Project

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20
Q

what two things do they think may damage the intestinal microbiome, resulting in later disorders in humans?

A

antibiotics and food preservatives

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21
Q

organisms which are present for hours, days, weeks,and then disappear

A

transient microbiota

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22
Q

frequently causes transient bacteremias

A

alpha hemolytic streptococci, viridians streptococci

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23
Q

body sites which are currently believed to be bacteriologically sterile. if normal flora bacteria obtain access to these areas, disease will often result

A

blood, brain, spinal fluid, endometrium

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24
Q

one of the normal bacterias found in the vagina that may gain access to and infect the uterus (endometrium) during criminal abortion

A

clostridium perfringens

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25
Q

process where normal flora can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microbes

A

microbial antagonism or competitive exclusion

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26
Q

example of microbial antagonism where lactobacilli cause and acidic pH in adult female vagina. upset can lead to what?

A

candida albicans vaginitis

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27
Q

example of microbial antagonism where E. coli is found in the intestine and produces _____ proteins that inhibit the growth of other bacteria of the same or closely related species, such as pathogenic _____ and _____

A

bacteriocins, salmonella, shigella

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28
Q

What does lactobacillus acidophilus use for its terminal electron acceptor?

A

pyruvic acid (3C molecule)

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29
Q

example of microbial antagonism where normal microbiota of the intestine effectively inhibits _____

A

clostridium difficile

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30
Q

when the normal flora is eliminated by antibiotics, clostridium difficile flourishes, produces toxin, and can cause potentially ______

A

fatal colitis (inflammation of the colon)

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31
Q

some recent cases of colitis caused by clostridium difficile have been successfully treated by giving the patient what?

A

capsules containing a spouse’s normal fecal flora

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32
Q

term used to describe the living together of the host and its normal flora

A

symbiosis

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33
Q

type of symbiotic relationship where one of the organisms is benefited and the other is unaffected. some of the bacteria that live on our sk

A

commensalisms

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34
Q

type of symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit

A

mutualism

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35
Q

normal flora escherichia coli that live in our intestine that benefit from nutrients in the colon while they simultaneously make vitamin K (used in blood clotting factors) and B vitamins that are used by our body’s cells. this is an example of what type of relationship?

A

mutualism

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36
Q

type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of, or detriment to, the other. many disease-causing bacteria fall into this category

A

parasitism

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37
Q

intentional application or ingestion of helpful live microbial cultures to a host to exert a beneficial effect is gaining popularity

A

probiotics

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38
Q

live culture yogurt (which contains ______) is ingested because it is known that certain _____ can alleviate diarrhea or prevent vaginal yeast infections

A

lactobacillus acidophilus, LAB (lactic acid bacteria)

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39
Q

what is the commercial probiotic used with baby chickens?

A

preempt

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40
Q

generally harmless bacteria, such as normal flora eschericia coli in the intestine, can become a serious pathogen when it gains access to other regions of the body

A

opportunistic pathogens

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41
Q

opportunistic pathogenic fungus which can cause deadly pneumonia in persons with AIDS

A

pneumocystis jirovecii

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42
Q

opportunistic pathogen often found in the upper respiratory tract, bu which can cause deadly meningitis if it escapes into the blood stream

A

neisseria meningitidis

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43
Q

opportunistic pathogen, a normal resident of the nose and throat, which can cause pneumonia when aspirated

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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44
Q

“the old man’s friend” kills a lot of old people with aspiration pneumonia

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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45
Q

example of microbe cooperation: pathogens that cause periodontal disease and gingivitis have been found to have receptors, not for the teeth, but for the ________ that colonize the teeth.

A

oral streptococci

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46
Q

pioneered the search for infectious agents with this technique

A

Robert Koch, Koch’s postulates

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47
Q

Koch’s postulates can be modified if an organism will not grow on _____

A

artificial media

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48
Q
  1. same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  2. pathogen must be isolated from the lesions and grown in pure culture.
  3. pathogen from the pure culture must cause the same disease in experimental animals
  4. pathogen must be reisolated from the diseased animal
A

Koch’s Postulates

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49
Q

changes in body function, such as pain and malaise. subjective changes are not apparent to an observer

A

symptoms

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50
Q

vague feeling of body discomfort

A

malaise

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51
Q

objective changes in body function that a physician can observe and measure (lesions, swelling, fever, paralysis, etc)

A

signs

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52
Q

changes produced in tissues by disease

A

lesions

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53
Q

specific group of symptoms or signs that may accompany a particular disease

A

syndrome

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54
Q

diseases that can be spread from one host to another, either directly or indirectly

A

communicable diseases

55
Q

communicable diseases that are easily spread form one person to another

A

contagious diseases

56
Q

example of contagious diseases

A

chickenpox and measles

57
Q

disease that are not spread form one host to another, but are caused by environmental microbes or by the host’s own normal flora

A

noncommunicable diseases

58
Q

example of noncommunicable disease is tetanus, which is caused by _______ found in the soil, and _____, caused by a woman’s own normal flora

A

clostridium tetani, yeast vaginitis

59
Q

a disease that occurs occasionally, example?

A

sporadic disease, typhoid fever

60
Q

a disease that is constantly present in a certain population, example?

A

endemic disease, common cold

61
Q

a disease that man people in a given area acquire in a short period of time, example?

A

epidemic, salmonella from contaminated peanut butter

62
Q

an epidemic disease that occurs worldwide, example?

A

pandemic disease, influenza and AIDS

63
Q

this disease may reach epidemic status at a university

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

64
Q

disease that develops rapidly, but only lasts a short time, example

A

acute disease, influenza

65
Q

disease that develops more slowly and less severely, but may continue or recur for long periods, example

A

chronic disease, tuberculosis

66
Q

disease progression between acute and chronic, example

A

subacute disease, SBE and septic emboli

67
Q

SBE

A

subacute bacterial endocarditis

68
Q

____ is caused by normal flora of the mouth (_______) which travels in the body and colonizes onto defective semilunar heart valve, causing ________ to form. Bacteria and diseased tissue then break off (_______) causing continuous bacteremia and spread of infection. Death may take many weeks. It is prevented by _____.

A

SBE, alpha-hemolytic streptococcus pyrogenes, cardiac vegetation, septic emboli, antibiotics

69
Q

disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time, but then become active to produce symptoms of disease, example

A

latent disease, shingles is the reactivation of varicella virus

70
Q

rate at which a disease or an epidemic spreads and the number of individuals involved are determined in part by the _______

A

immunity of the population

71
Q

can provide long-lasting and sometimes lifelong protection of an individual against certain diseases

A

vaccination

72
Q

people who are immune to an infectious disease will not be ____, thereby reducing the occurrence of the disease

A

carriers

73
Q

when many immune people are present in a community, this may exist

A

herd immunity

74
Q

abscess is what type of infection

A

local infection

75
Q

measles is what type of infection

A

systemic (generalized) infection

76
Q

highly contagious systemic infection transmitted by inhalation

A

measles

77
Q

what type of infection would an oral bacteria that can spread from the teeth to cause a local infection on a heart valve.

A

focal infection

78
Q

cardiac vegetation of heart valves caused by SBE is an example of what type of infection

A

focal infection

79
Q

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria and their toxins, from a focus of infection

A

sepsis

80
Q

systemic infection arising from the multiplication of pathogens in the blood.

A

septicemia, blood poisoning

81
Q

common cause of sepsis

A

septicemia

82
Q

simply the presence of bacteria in the blood, which may or may not be associated with disease

A

bacteremia

83
Q

refers to the presence of toxins in the blood, example

A

toxemia, tetanus toxin

84
Q

refers to the presence of viruses in the blood

A

viremia

85
Q

an acute infection that causes an initial illness, such as influenza

A

primary infection

86
Q

infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body’s defenses, example

A

secondary infection, hemophilus influenzae

87
Q

infection that does not cause noticeable illness, which can be carried by some persons who never develop the illness, example

A

subclinical (inapparent) infection, poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, Typhoid Mary

88
Q

make the body more susceptible to a disease and influence the course of the disease

A

predisposing factors

89
Q

example of disease with genetics as predisposing factor

A

San Joaquin Valley Fever caused by Coccidioides immitis, also called Lower Sonoran Life Zone, develops progressive systemic disease in people with darker colored skin

90
Q

example of disease with sex and hormones as predisposing factor

A

yeast vaginitis from candida albicans

91
Q

example of disease with lifestyle as predisposing factor

A

alcoholics rose gardener’s syndrome caused by dimorphic fungus (subcutaneous mycoses) sporothrix schenckii and treated with potassium iodide

92
Q

example of disease with lack of good judgment being a predisposing factor

A

clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene and clostridium tetani causes tetanus in traumatic wounds

93
Q

example of disease with chemotherapy as a predisposing factor

A

leukopenia

94
Q

decrease in number of leukocytes, increased risk of infection

A

leukopenia

95
Q

example of disease with age as a predisposing factor

A

streptococcus pneumoniae “old mans friend” aspiration pneumonia

96
Q

time interval between actual infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms of disease

A

period of incubation

97
Q

period where the first vague symptoms of disease appear

A

prodromal period

98
Q

period where disease is most severe. stage where death occurs

A

period of illness

99
Q

time when the signs and symptoms of disease subside, during this time, the patient is vulnerable to secondary infections

A

period of decline

100
Q

period when person regains strength and the body returns to normal

A

period of convalexcence

101
Q

during what stage of disease is a person considered contagious

A

all of them

102
Q

continual source of the pathogen with adequate conditions for multiplication and an opportunity for transmission

A

reservoirs of infection

103
Q

people who transmit the disease but who have no obvious signs of the disease, example

A

carriers, nasal carriage of staphylococcus aureus

104
Q

diseases transmitted from animals to humans

A

zoonoses

105
Q

nonliving reservoirs

A

soil, water, food

106
Q

soil which contains pathogenic microbes, example

A

nonliving reservoir, coccidioides immitis (San Jauquin Valley Fever)

107
Q

water contaminated by pathogens, example

A

nonliving reservoir, vibrio cholerae

108
Q

food improperly prepared or stored, example

A

nonliving reservoir, trichinella spiralis

109
Q

types of contact transmission

A

direct contact (person-person), indirect transmission, adroplet infection

110
Q

disease transmission by means of a nonliving object

A

indirect transmission, fomite

111
Q

infectious droplets travel a very short distance

A

droplet infection

112
Q

transmission of disease agents by a medium, such as water, food, or air

A

vehicle transmission

113
Q

spread of agents that travel more than one meter from the reservoir to the host

A

vehicle transmission

114
Q

example of airborne transmission

A

coccidioidomycosis in lower sonoran life zone, rubeola virus which causes measles

115
Q

animals that carry pathogens from one host to another

A

vectors

116
Q

passive transport of the pathogen on the insect’s feet or other body parts, example

A

mechanical transmission, salmonella or shigella from feces of infected people to food on table

117
Q

active process when the pathogens reproduce in the vector, example

A

biological transmission, plasmodium in the gut of an anopheles mosquito

118
Q

hospital acquired or health-care associated infections

A

nosocomial infection

119
Q

infection or disease that is a direct result of a health care workers actions

A

iatrogenic disease

120
Q

nosocomial infections result from the interaction of what three factors

A

microorganisms in the hospital, compromised host, and chain of transmission

121
Q

4 common hospital pathogens

A

escherichia coli, staphylococcus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, candida albicans

122
Q

burn patients are at high risk for nosocomial infection with what pathogen that is green in color and smells like rotten fruit

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

123
Q

hospital microbes share _____ so multiple resistance to antibiotics develops

A

R factors

124
Q

common nosocomial infection responsible for yeast vaginitis, thrush, and meningitis

A

candida albicans

125
Q

suppressed immune system when drugs or disease interfere with the activity of _____ or _____

A

B-lymphocytes or T-lymphocytes

126
Q

another term for leukopenia

A

leukocytopenia

127
Q

examples of impaired cellular activity within the body that can allow disease to occur

A

dabetes, cirrhosis of liver, malnutrition, poisonings, etc

128
Q

what accounts for 13% of all nosocomial diseases

A

UTIs with escherichia coli

129
Q

what is the principal route of transmission of nosocomial infections

A

direct contact transmission from hospital staff to patient

130
Q

what fomites might be responsible for indirect transmission of nosocomial infection

A

stethoscopes, neckties

131
Q

accredited hospitals must have. monitors incidence and distribution of infections, conducts education, investigates outbreaks of disease, etc

A

infection control nurse

132
Q

what organizations monitor emerging infectious diseases

A

CDC and WHO

133
Q

science that deals with when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted

A

epidemiology

Elementary Microbiology (45 decks)

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