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D2 Fall - Radiology > 9/30: Radiation Biology > Flashcards

9/30: Radiation Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the radiation measurements?

A

Exposure dose
Absorbed dose
Equivalent dose
Effective dose

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2
Q

This is a measure of the capacity of radiation to ionize air

A

Exposure

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3
Q

What is the traditional and Metric unit for exposure?

A

Traditional: roentgen
Metric: air kerma

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4
Q

This is the sum of the kinetic energy released in matter in exposure

A

Air kerma

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5
Q

How is air kerma measured? What is the conversion?

A

coulomb/kg
1 R → 2.58 x 10^-4 coulomb/kg

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6
Q

Roentgen produces how many ion pairs?

A

2.08 x 10^9

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7
Q

What is RAD an acronym for?

A

Radiation absorbed dose

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8
Q

What is the traditional and metric unit for absorption?

A

Traditional = RAD
Metric = Gy

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9
Q

What is the conversion of RAD to Gy?

A

1 Gy→ 100 RAD

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10
Q

This is to compare the biological effects of different types of radiation

A

Equivalent

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11
Q

Radiation weighting factor depends on what?

A

Type and energy of the radiation involved

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12
Q

What is the equation for equivalent dose?

A

Equivalent dose = absorbed dose + radiation weighting factor

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13
Q

This is a measure of the biological effectiveness of a radiation to ionize matter

A

Quality factor

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14
Q

What is the QF for x-radiation?

A

1

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15
Q

REM is equivalent to what?

A

RAD x QF

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16
Q

What are the traditional and metric units for Equivalent dose?

A

Traditional = REM
Metric = Sv

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17
Q

What is the conversion for equivalent dose?

A

1 Sv = 100 rem

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18
Q

This is used to calculate risk of radiation to human tissues on a common scale. The calculation is a product of the sum of dose equivalence to the specific tissue exposed and the biological tissue weighting factor

A

Effective dose

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19
Q

What is the equation for effective dose?

A

Effective = W x H (tissue weight factor x equivalent dose)

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20
Q

The use of the effective dose allows comparisons of what?

A

Different imaging techniques or be made on a common scale

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21
Q

This is used to assess risk of non-uniform radiation to localized part of body and degree to which this would increase a person’s “whole body” risk of cancer induction and/or induction of genetic mutations

A

Effective dose

22
Q

Area exposed related to what?

A

Maximum size of the beam

23
Q

This is the interaction of X-radiation with matter

A

Ionization

24
Q

List all the types of ionization

A

No interaction: 9%
Coherent scattering: 7%
Photoelectric absorption: 27%
Compton scattering: 57%

25
Q

What ionization has the most effect?

A

Compton scattering

26
Q

This is when the x-ray photon enters object and exits with no change

A

No interaction

27
Q

This is when x-ray photon collides with an electrons and losses its energy, atoms state is altered

A

Photoelectric

28
Q

This is when an Xray photon collides with an outer orbital electron losing some energy, photon continues with less snergy, creating more scatter until all energy is lost

A

compton scattering

29
Q

This is when a photon interacts with an electron and changes directions, no change

A

Coherent scattering

30
Q

This ionization directly ionizes biological macromolecules

A

Direct effect

31
Q

This ionization has its photons absorbed by water → free radical → damage

A

Indirect effect

32
Q

How does direct and indirect contribute to biological effects?

A

Direct = ⅓
Indirect = ⅔

33
Q

What is the outcome of the direct effect of UV light on skin DNA?

A

Repair
Inaccurate repair
No repair

34
Q

What is the primary method of cell damage that results from radiolysis of water?

A

Indirect effect

35
Q

This is a free atom or molecule carrying an unpaired orbital electron in the outer shell

A

Free radical

36
Q

How do you get toxic substances from free radicals?

A

Want a stable structure so that causes toxic substances

37
Q

What are the types of dose-response curves?

A

Non-linear threshold
Linear non-threshold
Non-linear, non-threshold

38
Q

Describe non-linear threshold

A

Small doses have no effect until a threshold is met, then you get rapid response

39
Q

Describe linear, non-threshold curves

A

No threshold and dose is proportional to response

40
Q

Describe non-linear, non-threshold curves

A

Dose does not require threshold and it is not proportional to response

41
Q

Deterministic effects of radiation have a

A

Threshold and severity is proportional to dose

42
Q

This is a side-effect of head and neck cancer treatment

A

Radiation erythema

43
Q

Stochastic effects of radiation have

A

No dose threshold and probability of occurrence is proportional to dose but severity not on dose

44
Q

1 day of background radiation is how much exposure?

A

8.5 microSv

45
Q

Stochastic effects to somatic cells cause what?

A

malignancies

46
Q

Stochastic effects to germ cells cause what?

A

Genetic mutations that are inheritable

47
Q

This effect is only seen in the person affected, NOT future generations

A

Somatic mutations/effects

48
Q

This effect is not seen in the person affected, ONLY in future generations

A

Genetic effects/mutations

49
Q

What is the sequence of radiation injury?

A

Latent period
Period of injury
Period of recovery

50
Q

How can you have a shorter latent period?

A

Larger dose

51
Q

What factors modify effects on radiation?

A

Total dose
Dose rate
Oxygen
Area exposed
Cell type and function
Age

52
Q

Who is at risk for radiation in terms of age?

A

Pediatric patients

D2 Fall - Radiology (21 decks)

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