9/10: Projection Geometry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the geometric characteristics?

A

Image sharpness
Image magnification
Image shape distortion

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2
Q

This is the fuzzy, unsharp margin of radiographic image

A

Unsharpness

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3
Q

What are examples of unsharpness margins?

A

Penumbra
Edge gradient

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4
Q

What are the 3 rules to maximize sharpness?

A
  1. Radiation source should be be as small as possible
  2. Source-to-object distance should be as long as possible
  3. Object-to-receptor distance should be as short as possible
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5
Q

This is the shadow of the image we receive

A

Umbra

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6
Q

This is the unsharp number. Area around the margins of the object

A

Penumbra

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7
Q

The closer the image, therefore the larger the focal spot, the

A

Larger the penumbra

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8
Q

The further the image, therefore the smaller the focal spot, the

A

Smaller the penumbra

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9
Q

How can you control source-to-object distance?

A

Length of cone → larger = less divergence → more sharpness

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10
Q

This is the equal enlargement of radiographic image, compared to the actual size of the object

A

Magnification

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11
Q

What are the 2 rules to minimize magnification?

A
  1. Source-to-object distance should be as long as possible
  2. Object-to-receptor distance should be as short as possible
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12
Q

When you magnify, the image shows

A

True shape of an object

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13
Q

This is the “unequal enlargement”. Variation from true shape of object, unequal magnification of part of object. Improper alignment of receptor, object, beam

A

Distortion

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14
Q

What are 2 rules to minimize shape distortion?

A
  1. Object and receptor should be parallel
  2. Beam should be perpendicular to both object and receptor
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15
Q

What are the types of distortion?

A

Foreshortening
Elongation

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16
Q

This is when the tooth is not parallel to receptor, and beam directed perpendicular to receptor

A

Foreshortening

17
Q

This when tooth is not parallel to receptor, and beam directed perpendicular to tooth

A

Elongation

18
Q

What are the 5 rules for accurate image formation?

A
  1. Focal spot as small as possible
  2. Source-object distance as long as possible
  3. Object-receptor distance as short possible
  4. Object parallel to receptor
  5. Beam perpendicular to object and receptor
19
Q

When doing PAs, what should you use for the paralleling technique?

20
Q

When doing PAs, what should you use for the bisecting angle technique?

A

Long or short cone

21
Q

why do you want the receptor paralell to the tooth

A

increaes S-R distance
increases O-R distance

22
Q

Of the PA techniques, what is the preferred method?

A

Paralleling technique

23
Q

If the paralleling technique cannot be used, what technique should be used?

A

Bisecting angle technique

24
Q

The bisecting angle technique is based on what?

A

Rule of isometry

25
What is the rule of isometry?
2 triangles have 2 equal angles and a common side, then the 2 triangles are equal
26
If you have incorrect horizontal angulation, what do you get
Overlapped contacts
27
This is periapical and bitewing radiograph showing all teeth
FMX
28
What can you use for radiographic localization?
Right angle method Tube shift (SLOB)
29
what will INCREASE magnification?
S-R distance is decreased O-R distance is increased
30
in the bisecting angle technique, the beam is perpendicular to what?
bisecting line neither the tooth or receptor
31
overlapping of contacts occur due error in what?
horizontal angulation
32
according to the SLOB rule, when you move the tubehead mesially, the object moves mesially, where is the object located?
lingually