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FOM Quiz 4 > 9/24 Histology of digestive system > Flashcards

9/24 Histology of digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the general type of epithelium in the oral cavity?

A

stratified squamous: both deratinized (ortho and para) and non-keratininzed

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2
Q

what is the embriological origin of the oral cavity

A

derived from ectoderm, like skin, not endoderm like the rest of the gut

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3
Q

what is the average turn over of the stratified squamous of the oral cavity

A

1-2 weeks

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4
Q

the underlying connective tissue

A

lamina propria

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5
Q

How and why is there a large immune pressence in the oral cavity

A

many lymphocytes and the tonsils, 3X10^9 PMNs enter lamina propria everyday, and small mixeed sero/mucous salivary glands. all to take care of small immune responses to the large number of pathogens in the mouth

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6
Q

what covers the back of the toungue

A

lymphatic tissue, and the palatine tonsil

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7
Q

the structure near the back of the tounge wear most taste happens

A

circumvallate papilla

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8
Q

the structures on the majority of the dorsal surface of the toungue that taste

A

fungiform papilla

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9
Q

the structures of the dorsal of the tounge that cover most of the surface

A

filiform papilla

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10
Q

The layers of the tounge in the microscope

A

stratisfied epithelium; loose or dense connective tissue (lamina prpria) then striated skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

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11
Q

why do you have skeletal muscle tissue in the tounge

A

moves food back, and requeired for normal speech. arranged in all kinds of orientations

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12
Q

The most common form of cell on the dorsal surface of the tounge

A

filiform papillae

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13
Q

the moat that surrounds the circumvallate papillae

A

crypt

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14
Q

why does the circumvallate papillae have crypt

A

has glandular structures to wash material out to allow constant tasting of new things

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15
Q

the glands that wash out the crypt

A

Von Ebner’s gland: serous glands, they appear as globular structure in the connective tissue with ducts associated with the crypt

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16
Q

what is the purpose of saliva

A

lubricate the mouth w/mucous secretion. amylase in serous secretion (digest carbs). Helps prevent infection!

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17
Q

purpose of the salivary glands

A

Make saliva; get infected (mumps, and impacted ducts); growth factors; make haptocorrin.

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18
Q

how does salive act as defensive agent?

A

secrete lactoferrin (iron binding protien against bacteria), lysozyme (desolve bacteria cell walls), and defensins (anti-biotic protiens) and transport IgA (binds to pathogens)

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19
Q

what is haptocorrin?

A

a vitamin B12 binding protein

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20
Q

why would the saliva produce growth factors?

A

maybe to promote wound healing in the mouth and in other parts of the body when you lick wounds

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21
Q

cells that secrete in a serous fashion and are a spherical gland

A

Serous acinus

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22
Q

Glands that produce mucous

A

mucous tubule

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23
Q

combinded serous and mucous cells in a singe duct

A

mucous tubule and serous demilune

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24
Q

the course of mucous and serous once produced form serous acinus/demilune and mucous tubule

A

glands connected to intercalated ducts, striated ducts, and interlobular ducts

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25
Q

what ducts are found in the parenchyma of the secretory units

A

the glands and the intercalated ducts and striated ducts are in the parenchyma of the glands

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26
Q

the section of the duct that is in the stroma

A

the interlobular ducts

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27
Q

ducts in the stroma or connective tissue

A

interlobular ducts

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28
Q

what do the smooth muscle aorudn the interlobular duct do

A

Myoepithelial cells contract to push out saliva

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29
Q

what type of cells are the intercalated ducts

A

cuboidal cells

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30
Q

type of cells in striated duct

A

colomnar

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31
Q

describe the histological appearence of the serous secreting cells (serous demilune)

A

they are in a semi-circle of dark staining cells with prominate nucleus connected to a light stained area of duct

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32
Q

describe the histological appearance of the mucous secreting cells

A

they are light staining cells along the ducts with no clear nucleus

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33
Q

need special staining of anti-myosin to see well

A

the myoepithelial cells that squeez out the spit

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34
Q

describe the intercalated duct

A

cuboidal

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35
Q

describe the striated ducts

A

colomnar cells

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36
Q

how does striated duct cells control hemiostasis

A

recover sodium and chloride from the saliva, but don’t really recover much water, use a Na,K-ATPase to pump

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37
Q

histology of the interlobular ducts

A

may even be stratified columnar, surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue.

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38
Q

what is the general plan of the gut?

A

4 layers!

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39
Q

what are the 4 layers of the general plan of the gut?

A

Mucosa; Submucosa; Muscularis externa; Serosa (adventitia)

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40
Q

what are the layers of the mucosa?

A

the epithelium, lamina propria, musclaris mucosae

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41
Q

what are the sublayers of the muscularis externa?

A

circular muscle, myenteric plexus (nerves); longitudinal muscle

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42
Q

how does the mucosa change from the stomach to the intestine to the colon?

A

stomach has no villus, but has pits, intestine has villus, colon has no villi and no pits.

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43
Q

describe the mucosa layer of the gut

A

epithelium, lamina propria is hard to see, lined with muscularis mucosa at the bottom of the epithelium

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44
Q

describe the submucosa layer of the gut

A

dense irregular CT, large vessels; sumbucosal enteric nerve plexus (hard to see)

45
Q

describe the muscularis externa layer of the gut

A

smooth muscle of 2 layers (inner circular, outher longitudinal); enteric plexus beween muscle layers (control motility)

46
Q

describe the serosa or adventitia layer of the gut

A

connective tissue, when covered with mesothelium its a serosa, retroperitoneal organs can have both.

47
Q

Unique Esophagus component in the submucosa

A

Esophageal glands

48
Q

what is the purpose of esophageal glands?

A

add secretions that help food slide down the tube, and make the esophagus look different from the vagina tissue!

49
Q

why is the fourth layer in the esophagus adventitia and not serosa

A

it doesn’t have a layer of mesothelium

50
Q

what is the muscle in the esophagus?

A

at the top it is striated skeletal muscle and then it blends into smooth muscle and at the bottom it is just smooth muscle in the lower third

51
Q

how do we know that the muscle in the upper 1/3 of esophagus is striated skeletal

A

large cells of muscle with nucleus on the outside

52
Q

what are the functional muscles that contract or relax to alow food to pass?

A

the upper and lower esophageal sphincters.

53
Q

how is the lower esophageal sphincter controlled?

A

it is a smooth muscle sphincter, that is tonically contracted and must be relaxes for material to enter the stomach

54
Q

what are the characteristic structure seen in the epithelium of the stomach

A

Pits, necks (start of glands), glands, base (end of glands)

55
Q

describe the junction of the esophagus/stomach

A

very sudden switch form stratisfied to simple colomnar

56
Q

what causes heartburn?

A

lower esophageal sphincter fails to keep stomach acid out of the esophagus, causing pain.

57
Q

what happens if common heart burn damages the epithelium

A

esophagitis

58
Q

when chronic esophagitis

A

Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease or GERD

59
Q

increased risk of dysplasia and esophageal cancer

A

chronic GERD, and barrett esophagus!

60
Q

how is the barratt epithelium different?

A

it is red due to a lack of the stratisfied layers (now simple!)
replacement of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium by mostly simple colomnar epithelium with lots of goblet cells (looks like colon)

61
Q

what is the general path to esophageal cancer?

A

Chronic inflammation; Mataplasia; balance of tumor suppressors and promoters

62
Q

newer model of the development of barret’s esophagus…

A

residual embryonic cells invade and migrate up the esophagus after acid reflux lead to metaplasia of colon like cells.

63
Q

what are the four anatomical regions of the stomach

A

cardia; fundus; body; pylorus

64
Q

what are the three histological divisions of the stomach

A

the cardia; the body/fundus; and the pylorus cells

65
Q

how do we tell the difference between cardia/body/pylorus cells in the stomach

A

cardia: pit and glands have about the same length;
Body: pit is a bit shorter than the glands
Pylorus: pit is much longer than the glands

66
Q

what do you often see where there is a transition between different epithelial layers

A

lymphatic agrigates (blobs of dark staining cells)

67
Q

what does the light staining fo the cardia glands tell us

A

they are producing mostly mucus

68
Q

what are the light and dark colored cells in the body and fundus of the stomach located just below the glands in the epithelium

A

the parietal and chief cells!

69
Q

how is the stem cell unusual in the stomach?

A

the stem cells are found in the top of the glands! maybe to replace the very short lived pit cells above them?

70
Q

what are the three regions of the gland in the stomach epithelium?

A

the isthmus, the neck, the base.

71
Q

what is the life span of a pit cell?

A

about 3 days to a week

72
Q

what is the life span of a gland cell?

A

week to a month

73
Q

the body cells are also called:

A

Gastric epithelium

74
Q

the cells that line the pits:

A

Suface mucus cells

75
Q

the cells in the glands that are large, pale cytoplasm with central nucleaus (fried eggs!)

A

the Parietal cells

76
Q

the cells that make mucus in the glands, stuck between the parietal and chief cells

A

the neck mucous cells;

77
Q

the cells that are dark staining in the glandular region of the epithelium of the body of the stomach (like dark fried eggs)

A

Chief cells

78
Q

hormone producing cells in the stomach

A

Enteroendocrine cells

79
Q

Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation

A

APUD enteroendocrine cells

80
Q

what is the DNES?

A

the diffuse Neuroendocrine system

81
Q

Enteroendocrine cells in the stomach produce what?

A

gastrin (yellow cells!), glucagon, histamine, somatostatin, serotonin and gherlin

82
Q

stimulates hunger if not enough food in stomach

A

gherlin

83
Q

stimulate parietal cells to secrete HCl

A

gastrin

84
Q

Cells that produce acid

A

Parietal cells

85
Q

how do parietal cells secrete acid?

A

through H+,K+ - ATPase

86
Q

what stimulates the release of parietal cell acid

A

several agents including gastrin and histamine

87
Q

how do the parietal cells control release of acid

A

they have membrane bound tubules with the proton pump that fuse with the plasma membrane to allow the release of the HCl acid

88
Q

the only critical function of the stomach, a function of the parietal cells

A

gastric intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption

89
Q

what if lose GIF producing parietal cells

A

lose the absorption of B12 and then get pernicious anemia

90
Q

describe the movement of acid out of parietal cells

A

On Lumen: ATP pump moves protons out and Cl- pore facilitate diffusion to give HCl;
On Blood vessel side: pump HCO- out and Cl- into the cell.

91
Q

where does the H+ and the Cl- come from in the gastric parietal cell?

A

the Cl- is pumped in from the blood using HCO-/Cl- pump. The H+ is from CO2 and H2O forming H2CO3 using carbonic anydrase, that is carbonic acid and releases the H+

92
Q

Control of parietal cell acid secretion

A

from vegus nerve, enteroendocrine cells, etc. a veriety of different controls

93
Q

cephalic phase

A

when just think about or anticipate food the vegus nerve stimulates the release of acid.

94
Q

stiumuli to produce acid include?

A

smell, taste, cinditioning, distension, amino acids, small peptides etc.

95
Q

Phases of acid secretory control

A

Cephalic phase (see or think aobut food) Gastric phase (distension etc). Intestinal phase (inhibits when digesting food)

96
Q

Chief cells!!

A

found in the bottom of the glands, secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

97
Q

the other names of chief cells

A

peptic cells or incorrectly zymogenic cells

98
Q

the mucus that is produced by the mucus cells is critical, why is that?

A

it traps bicarbonate, and provides a barrier to acid coming into the cells, provides physical barrier for the pepsin attacking the cells.

99
Q

why would stress H. pylore, or smoking/alcohol or pharmaceuticals lead to damage of the cells in the stomach

A

breaks down the mucus and leads to pepsin and acid damage

100
Q

How can we discriminate the Plexis in the muscularis externa and serosa

A

the nerves can be detected due to the light staining in the middle of the dark staining of the muscle

101
Q

the enteric plexi and the vegas nerve seem to influence what kind of movement in the stomach?

A

Gastric movements that churn the stomach contents and then spurt out 10ml of contents or so into the duodenum

102
Q

what are the 2 basic patterns of GI motility?

A

paristalisis or contraction of smooth muscle waves to activly move material down the length of the intestine;;; or segmental contractions that squich and release the contents and mix it up and down the intestine – you get a balance of these two movements

103
Q

what does the muscosal barrier protect the epithelium from

A

acid and proteases like pepsin both a diffusion and a chemical barrier

104
Q

what if the mucus in broken down

A

ulcer

105
Q

what if the mucus is broken and break down the muscular mucosa into the submucosal, what do you have?

A

peptic ulcer

106
Q

treatment with antiacids is not as effective as other ulcer treatment such as:

A

antibiotic against H. pilore and anti-histimines etc.

107
Q

gastric adenocarcinoma is dangerous, but why?

A

it is very asymptomatic and very difficult to detect until it has progressed.

108
Q

Am I going to get gastric adenocarcinoma?

A

probably not, rare in N. America and probably because of diet and environement

109
Q

what is the histology of adenocarcinoma

A

you can’t decipher the different gland and epithelial cells of the pits and and mucosal layers…all the epithelial cells look the same!

FOM Quiz 4 (22 decks)

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