10/5 Intro to Pharmacology

Question 1

What is the basic path of drug discovery?

Answer 1

Observation; Trial and Error; Pharmacognosy; Experimentation; Manufacturing

Question 2

The most prescribed drug in the U.S. and the brain child of Merck

Answer 2

hydrocodone

Question 3

Traditional drug discovery pathway

Answer 3

Natural product, purify the molecule of effect, merchandise or market the molecule by “perfecting” it

Question 4

what is rational drug design

Answer 4

Consider the target of interest and design a drug to act on that specific target.

Question 5

What is bioassay guided drug descovery?

Answer 5

have a specific molecule or process and test a lot of compounds against this molecule to see if there is any effect.

Question 6

what are the basic purposes of Phase I,II,III,IV studies?

Answer 6

I: first in human
II: first in patient
III: multi-site trial
IV: post-marketing surveillance

Question 7

what is a small molecule vs. a biologic?

Answer 7

Small Molecules: small, usually carbon hydrogen nitrogen, natural product, or synthetic, easily draw out the structure.

Bilogics: natural products like hormones, estrogens, thyroid or synthetic hormones and hormone analogs. larger more complex structures.

Question 8

what is a brand name drug?

Answer 8

new, patent protected drug, 20 years from filing date for patents.

Question 9

what is a generic drug?

Answer 9

a drug that is developed under an abbreviated new drug application (ANDA), same active ingredient, strength, dosage form, and route of administration as the brand name product. don’t need the same inactive ingredients. bioequivalent to the brand name drug.

Question 10

what must be proved for FDA approval

Answer 10

proof of non-toxic, proof of safety and efficacy

Question 11

what are the main departments of drug control?

Answer 11

FDA; Drug endorcement and administration (DEA); and state board of pharmacy, controlled substance database.

Question 12

what are the 7 core concepts of pharmacology or what should we consider before prescribing?

Answer 12

1. mech. of action
2. absorption and distribution;
3. metabolism and excretion;
4. assessing drug therapy;
5. adverse effects and toxicity
6. Drug interactions
7. therapeutic uses/ indications

Question 13

the movement of drugs through and out of the body

Answer 13

pharmacokinetics

Question 14

the intereaction of the drug with target cellualr components, and effect of medicaitons on the human body, how the drug acts

Answer 14

pharmacodynamics

Question 15

what genetic differences do to the individual responses to drugs?

Answer 15

pharmacogenetics

Question 16

what is an Enteral administration of a drug?

Answer 16

it is through alimentary canal, oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal

Question 17

what is parenteral administration of a drug?

Answer 17

intrumuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, intranasal, epidural, topical

Question 18

what is active vs. passive movement of a drug?

Answer 18

special carrier molecules, like aminoacids, sugars, drugs that resemble endogenous substances, or passive movement would be diffusion of lipophilic drugs across lipid membranes.

Question 19

pH of the medium is relevent to the administratio of a drug, but how?

Answer 19

protonated form of weak acid is uncharged, and more lipid soluble, while the unprotonated form is uncharged, more lipid-soluble.

Question 20

the time it takes for a substance to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic, or radiologic activity

Answer 20

the biological half-life or terminal half-life of a substance

Question 21

what is a agonist vs. antagonist?

Answer 21

agonist activates, or stimulates the receptors, antagonist blocks the access or attachment of body’s natural agonist

Question 22

what are drugs that are activators or inhibitors?

Answer 22

drugs that act to either activate or inhibit the activity of specific enzymes/protein/pathway i.e. protease inhibitors

Question 23

may be termed a side-effect when jugded to be secondary to the main clinical effect

Answer 23

adverse effect

Question 24

WHO six-step approach to prescribing

Answer 24

1. evaluate and clearly define the problem
2. specify the therapeutic objective
3. select the appropriate drug therapy
4. initiate therapy with appropriate details and consider non-pharmacologic therpies
5. give information, instructions and warnings
6. evaluate therapy regularly
   also::
   think costs and use of computers and other tools to reduce prescribing errors.

Question 25

What is the Key point of a “Drug”

Answer 25

produce biologic response or a “change in biological function through chemical biological actions