9 22 Digestion of proteins and fats-Table 1

Question 1

what do parietal cells secrete?

Answer 1

HCL (pH in the stomach); Intrinsic factor

Question 2

what do chief cells release?

Answer 2

they release pepsinogen.

Question 3

what is pepsinogen?

Answer 3

it is the inactive part of pepsin, that is activaated in acid environment.

Question 4

how does pepsin activate?

Answer 4

by cleaving inhibitory peptide and activating in acid

Question 5

what is the first pepsidase in digestion of protein?

Answer 5

pepsin

Question 6

what are the three pancreatic enzymes released for the digestion of protein?

Answer 6

procarboxypetidase; chymotrypsinogen;; trypsinogen

Question 7

how do we activate the pancreatic enzymes

Answer 7

enteropeptidase activates trypsinogen to trypsin. Trypsin activates procarboxypeptidas; and chymotrypsonogen, and itself (trypsinogen)

Question 8

the three activated pancreatic enzymes that go on to digest proteins as they enter the small intestine:

Answer 8

carboxypeptidase; chymotrypsin; trypsin

Question 9

Brief overview of the protien digestion:

Answer 9

protein in the stomach: (combine B12 and Intrinsic factor.) Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin and start to digest the proteins. then IF/B12 and protein out the stomach, HCO3 buffer, and then activated carboxypeptidase, chymmotrypsin, and trypsin digest the protein in the small intestine down to amino acids.

Question 10

where is enteropeptidase?

Answer 10

in the intestinal microvilli

Question 11

what are the Enzymes that are activated by Trypsin?

Answer 11

Trypsinogen; Proelastase; Procarboxypeptidase; chymotrypsinogen; procolipase

Question 12

what is procolipase

Answer 12

the inactive form of colipase that is required for activity of lipase that breaks down fats

Question 13

what is proelastase

Answer 13

protease that breaks down elastic fibers

Question 14

what will digest a lipid from a triacylglycerols to individual lipid chains?

Answer 14

pancreatic lipase

Question 15

briefly describe the absorbtion of proteins into the blood stream

Answer 15

active transport by Na co-transporter into the absorptive cell, transcytosis, facilitated diffusion and then enter capillary via intercellular clefts

Question 16

What are the brush border protiens?

Answer 16

Enteropeptidase; disaccharidases; peptidases;

Question 17

how can block in the pancreatic duct cause pancreatitis?

Answer 17

The proteases of the pancreus can be activated by trypsin and start to break down the proteins fo the pancreus.

Question 18

why would a proton pump inhibitor lead to vitamin B12 deficiency?

Answer 18

perhaps this messes with the parietal cells and the pressence of the intrinsic factor for B12.

Question 19

what is a bile salt

Answer 19

emulsification (like a detergent) to break up the lipids

Question 20

explain the digestion of lipids:

Answer 20

go to the stomach, and then into the small intestine, and the gall bladder dumps in bile salts, emulsification of lipids, procolipase activated by trypsin and becomes colipase that combines with lipase and digest the fat, and micelles get absorbed.

Question 21

what is the result (for transporting the molecule) of the extreme hydrophobicity of lipids

Answer 21

they do not cross the membranes

Question 22

what will cut the back bone of the triglycerides to leave three seperate strands?

Answer 22

Pancreatic lipase.

Question 23

Brief overview of fat digestion

Answer 23

Duodenum: bile salts released from gall bladder and emulsify the fat. lipase and colipase (activated from procolipase by trypsin) break down the lipids, and make little miscelles that get absorbed.

Question 24

what is the bile salt made from?

Answer 24

cholesterol

Question 25

what is a micelles

Answer 25

made of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts. AND FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS.

Question 26

how are miclessles absorbed?

Answer 26

absorbed epithelal of small intestine, then absorbed as chylomicrons into the lacteal of the lymphatic system.

Question 27

the large triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein particles secreted by the intestinal mucosal cells into the lymph

Answer 27

chylomicrons

Question 28

briefly describe the structure of the chylomicrons

Answer 28

inner core of tryiacylglycerols, and cholesteryl esters, and fat-soluble vitamins, phospholipid coat, with apoprotein spot and unesterifed cholesterol spots.

Question 29

how do chylomicrons change the blood plasma

Answer 29

make it dark and cloudy, merky looking.

Question 30

what is the destination of sugars, amino acids, and fat in the digestive system?

Answer 30

sugars/amino acids go to the blood (through capillary in the villus of the intestine). Fat go to the lymph. (through the lacteal in the villus of the intestine)

Question 31

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 31

A,E,D,K

Question 32

What is an omega 3 fatty acid

Answer 32

the first double bond is at the third carbon form the omega end of the lipid (the omega end is at the end of the long carbon chain.)

Question 33

know which is an essential fatty acid

Answer 33

Omega-3s

Question 34

why vitamin E deficient with CF

Answer 34

Vitamin E is fat soluble and CF often attacks the pancreus, therefore we don’t get lipase or colipase, and there are no lipases on the brush border.

Question 35

introduced gluten, and this flattened the cilia of his small intestine.

Answer 35

Celiac disease!