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RT 203 > 8. X-ray Emission Spectrum > Flashcards

8. X-ray Emission Spectrum Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the range of types or values of any quantity such as x-ray

A

Spectrum

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2
Q

contains only specific values

A

Discrete Spectrum

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3
Q

contains all possible values

A

Continuous Spectrum

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4
Q

have precisely fixed (discrete) energies and form a discrete emission spectrum

A

Characteristic x-rays

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5
Q

have a range of energies and form a continuous emission spectrum

A

Bremsstrahlung x-rays

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6
Q

is associated with the minimum x-ray wavelength

A

Maximum x-ray energy

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7
Q

is numerically equal to the kVp

A

Maximum x-ray energy

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8
Q

the process of adding together the total number of x-rays emitted at each spectrum to get the
total number of x-rays emitted from an x-ray tube

A

Integration

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9
Q

The farther to the ____ a spectrum is, the higher the effective energy or quality of the x-ray beam

A

right,

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10
Q

The ____ the area under the curve, the higher is the x-ray intensity or quantity

A

larger

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11
Q

A change in ______ results in a proportional change in the amplitude of the x-ray emission spectrum at all
energies.

A

mA or mAs

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12
Q

Four Principal Factors Influencing the Shape of an X-ray Emission Spectrum

A

-The projectile electrons accelerated from cathode to anode do not all have peak kinetic energy. Depending on
the types of rectification and high-voltage generation, many of these electrons may have very low energies
when they strike the target. Such electrons can produce only heat and low-energy x-rays.
-The target of a diagnostic x-ray tube is relatively thick. Consequently, many of the bremsstrahlung x-rays emitted
result from multiple interactions of the projectile electrons, and for each successive interaction, a projectile
electron has less energy.
-Low energy x-rays are more likely to be absorbed in the target.
-External filtration is always added to the x-ray tube assembly. This added filtration serves selectively to remove
low-energy x-rays from the beam.

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13
Q

A change in kVp affects both the _____ and the _____ of the x-ray emission spectrum.

A

amplitude,

position

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14
Q

When kVp is increased, the relative distribution of emitted x-ray energy shifts to the ____, to a higher average energy.

A

right

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15
Q

The maximum energy of x-ray emission always remains numerically ____ to the kVp.

A

equal

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16
Q

A change in kVp has no effect on the position of the ______ x-ray emission spectrum

A

discrete

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17
Q

In diagnostic range, a 15% increase in kVp is equivalent to _____ the mAs

A

doubling

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18
Q

Effect of Tube Current

A

Affects Amplitude of Spectrum

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19
Q

Effect of Tube Voltage

A

Affects Amplitude and Position

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20
Q

Effect of Added Filtration

A

Decreases Amplitude (x-ray quantity), most effective of low energy

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21
Q

Effect of Target Material

A

Affects Amplitude of spectrum and position of line spectrum

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22
Q

Effect of Voltage Waveform

A

Affects Amplitude, most effective at high energy

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23
Q

The result of added filtration is an _____ in the average energy of the x-ray beam with an accompanying
reduction in x-ray quantity.

A

increase

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24
Q

Added filtration more effectively absorbs low-energy x-rays than high-energy x-rays; therefore, the bremsstrahlung x-ray emission spectrum is reduced further on the _____ than on the right

A

left

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25
Q

Adding filtration is sometimes called ________ because of the relative increase in average
energy.

A

hardening the x-ray beam

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26
Q

Increasing target atomic number _____ the efficiency of x-ray production and the energy of characteristic
and bremsstrahlung x-rays.

A

enhances

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27
Q

An increase in the atomic number of the target material will shift the characteristic spectrum to the ____

A

right

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28
Q

Effect of Voltage Waveform

Five voltage waveforms

A
  • Half-wave rectification
  • Full-wave rectification
  • Three-phase/ six pulse
  • Three-phase/ twelve pulse
  • High-frequency
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29
Q

Because of ______, operation with three-phase power or high frequency is equivalent to an approximate
12% increase in kVp, or almost a doubling of mAs over single phase-power

A

reduced ripple

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30
Q

Increase in Current (mAs) results to

A

Increase in quantity. No change in quality

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31
Q

Increase in Voltage (kVp) results to

A

Increase in quantity and quality

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32
Q

Increase in Added Filtration results to

A

Decrease in quantity.

Increase in quality

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33
Q

Increase in Target Atomic Number (Z) results to

A

Increase in quantity and quality

34
Q

Increase in Voltage Ripple results to

A

Decrease in quantity and quality

35
Q

x-axis

A

Photon Energy (Quality of X-rays)

36
Q

y-axis

A

Number of Photons (Quantity of X-rays)

37
Q

It has an energy from 0-1 up to the maximum value or the peaked value

A

Bremsstrahlung x-rays

38
Q

X-rays that occur when the incoming electron will interact with nuclear field
(loss of energies)

A

Bremsstrahlung x-rays

39
Q

X-ray intensity aka

A

X-ray quantity

40
Q

Pertains the amount or the number of electrons

A

X-ray intensity

41
Q

A relationship between the x-ray and wavelength is

A

inversely proportional

42
Q

A relationship between the energy and frequency is

A

directly proportional

43
Q

defined as a flow of electrons in the conductors, controls the
amount of intensity specially combining in time

A

mA (current)

44
Q

refers to height and x-ray

quantity in the given x-ray emission spectrum graph

A

Amplitude

45
Q

TYPE OF RECTIFICATION

A 
Single- phase and Self-rectified,
Single-phase and Full-wave rectified,
Three- phase and 12 pulse,
High-frequency,
Constant potential
46
Q

100% Ripple

A

Single- phase and Self-rectified,

Single-phase and Full-wave rectified

47
Q

3-5% Ripple

A

Three- phase and 12 pulse,

High-frequency

48
Q

0% Ripple

A

Constant potential

49
Q

There are two types of spectrum:

A

Discrete,

Continuous

50
Q

are DISCRETE because they depend on the electron binding energy of the struck electrons.

A

Characteristic x-rays

51
Q

For characteristic x-rays to be produced, the energy
of the incoming electron must be _______
than the electron binding energy of the struck
electron.

A

equal or greater

52
Q

SI unit of Photon energy is

A

keV

53
Q

Most of the bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced at

approximately ____ keV

A

49

54
Q

X-ray energy and X-ray wavelength is

A

inversely proportional

55
Q

gives evidence that Bremsstrahlung x-rays are continuous

A

bell curve

56
Q

X-ray energy and frequency is

A

directly proportional

57
Q

Frequency and wavelength are

A

inversely proportional

58
Q

how far to the right the spectrum is or/and how high the effective energy or quality of the x-ray beam is

A

Position

59
Q

it has something to do with the number of
electron flowing from the cathode to the
anode

A

mA

60
Q

is a product of the tube current and exposure

time in seconds.

A

mAs

61
Q
  1. 5 keV is _____ as it is discrete (in the case of

tungsten) .

A

constant

62
Q

The _____ the amplitude, the more x-rays photons

are produced.

A

higher

63
Q

The further the graph is to the _____, the more

penetrable the x-rays are.

A

right

64
Q

______ as well as _____ of the X-ray emission spectrum is affected by the four principles

A

SHAPE,

SIZE

65
Q

X-rays when produced don’t have the same

energies

A

Heterogenous

66
Q

Discrete emission spectrum depends on the

______ of the element

A

characteristic

67
Q

No matter how much you increase the kVp
it will not affect the position of the ______
x-ray emission spectrum

A

discrete

68
Q

can’t be readily and easily

manipulated

A

Target material

69
Q

Best choice of target material is

A

Tungsten

70
Q

there is only the positive cycle and

negative cycle is eliminated

A

half-wave

71
Q

uses a single wave like half-wave but
the negative cycle is not eliminated rather it is
converted to positive cycle. This would mean that the amount of x-rays are doubled

A

full-wave

72
Q

there are three waves produced simultaneously

A

three-phase

73
Q

2 types of three-phase

A

six pulse,

twelve pulse

74
Q

negative cycle is eliminated

A

six pulse

75
Q

negative cycle is converted

to positive cycle; more efficient

A

twelve pulse

76
Q

happens when the voltage drops down from

the highest point to the lowest point

A

Ripple

77
Q

x-rays are less likely to have 0 energy; efficiency is increased as well as quality of x-rays.

A

Reduced ripple

78
Q

There is approximately ___ ripple for the high-frequency type of rectification

A

1%

79
Q

is the ideal graph of a direct current

A

Constant potential

80
Q

undesirable to have as it results to the decrease in quantity and quality of X-rays

A

Voltage ripple

81
Q

The higher the voltage ripple, the more _______ the result is

A

undesirable

RT 203 (11 decks)

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