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RT 203 > 3. Radioactivity > Flashcards

3. Radioactivity Flashcards

1
Q

Process of loosing energy to reach a stable state

A

Radioactivity

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2
Q

This excited state (radioactivity) can last for a few moments to billion of years and is measured in terms of ____

A

half-lives

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3
Q

This lose of energy in radioactivity can be in form of _____

A

pure energy, particles, or both

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4
Q

The highest stable atomic number is ______

A

Bismuth at 83

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5
Q

The nuclei of some nuclides are not stable

A

Radioactivity

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6
Q

They (nuclei) disintegrate or undergo nuclear transformation spontaneously and in random process called

A

Radioactivity

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7
Q

is the emission of particles and energy in order to become stable

A

Radioactivity

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8
Q

results in emission of Alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays

A

Radioactivity decay

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9
Q

the time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one-half its original value

A

Half-life

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10
Q

the number of decaying nuclei per second

A

1Bq – 1 per second

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11
Q

1 Ci=

A

3.7x10^10 Bq

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12
Q

Discover the radioactivity

A

Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)

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13
Q

The year Becquerel discovered radioactivity

A

1896

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14
Q

He noted that a piece of mineral containing uranium when placed over an exposed photographic plate just as if it has been exposed to light.

A

Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)

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15
Q

He discovered that the blackening of the photographic plate was due not to light but to a radiation being emitted by the uranium
mineral.

A

Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)

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16
Q

discovered that polonium and radium also emit radiation

A

Pierre and Marie Curie

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17
Q

Radioactivity produced by man

A

Artificial Radioactivity

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18
Q

produced the first radioactive product when they bombarded aluminum with alpha particles
from polonium source to study the emitted neutrons and positrons

A

Irene Curie-Joliot

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19
Q

Radioactive elements emitted into 3 types of radiation

A
  • Alpha Particles
  • Beta Particles
  • Gamma Rays
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20
Q

positive electrical charge

A

Alpha Particles

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21
Q

negative electrical charged electrons.

A

Beta Particles

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22
Q

Electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength and travelling within the speed of light

A

Gamma Rays

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23
Q

No charge at all

A

Gamma Rays

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24
Q

heavy particles that originated outside

A

Alpha Particles

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25
Q

light particles in which electrons are coming from the nucleus

A

Beta Particles

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26
Q

energy originated from the inside of the nucleus

A

Gamma Rays

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27
Q

the time in which a radioactive substance will lose half of its activity through disintegration

A

Half-Life(t½)

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28
Q

The amount of time that is required to reduce the radioactivity to ½ of its present value.

A

Half-Life(t½)

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29
Q

3 types of half-life

A

Physical Half-life,
Biological Half-life,
Effective Half-Life,

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30
Q

the average time required for the decay of half the atoms in a given amount of a radioactive substance.

A

Physical Half-Life

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31
Q

the time in which a living tissue, organ, or individual eliminates, through biologic processes, half of a given amount of a substance that has been introduced into it

A

Biologic Half-Life

32
Q

the half-life of a radioactive isotope in a biologic organism, resulting from the combination of radioactive decay
and biologic elimination

A

Effective Half-Life

33
Q

Types of Decay

A 
Alpha Decay,
Beta Negative Decay,
Beta Positive Decay,
Gamma Ray Emission,
Electron Capture
34
Q

smoke detectors

A

Americium 241 - Alpha Decay

35
Q

accompanied by gamma photon emission

A

Alpha Decay

36
Q

alpha emitter

A

polonium-210

37
Q

murder using radiation poisoning with polonium-210, an alpha emitter

A

Russian dissident Alexander Litvinenko’s 2006 murder

38
Q

Beta Decay that interacts with neutron

A

Beta minus

39
Q

Beta Decay that Interacts with protons

40
Q

emits negatron (negative)

A

Beta minus

41
Q

emits positron (positive)

42
Q

some unstable atomic nuclei dissipate excess energy by a spontaneous electromagnetic process

A

Gamma Ray Emission

43
Q

is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron (changing a nuclear
proton to a neutron) and simultaneously emits a neutrino

A

Electron Capture

44
Q

it is tiny, neutral, and weighs so little that no one has been able to measure its mass

45
Q

the innermost shell

46
Q

look like plum-pudding, one big proton (positive sphere) that has an electron (negative sphere) inside

A

Thompson model

47
Q

mass of the electron is from

48
Q

outward force

A

Centrifugal force

49
Q

inward force

A

Centripetal force

50
Q

mass number minus proton equals to

51
Q

number of proton is equal to the number of

52
Q

atomic number is equivalent to

53
Q

observed that the strength of a pure radioactive substance decrease exponentially

A

Julius Elster and Hans Geitel

54
Q

was found to be a property of the individual atoms, not of a substance as a whole

A

Radioactivity

55
Q

Statistical nature of disintegration was established

A

Radioactive Decay Law

56
Q

Universal law that describes the statistical behavior of a large number of nuclides

A

Radioactive Decay Law

57
Q

Random process

A

Radioactive Decay Law

58
Q

the fraction of the activity that is remaining after a given amount of time

A

Activity Fraction

59
Q

2 Ionizing Radiation

A

Particulate,

Electromagnetic

60
Q

have mass, weight and charge

A

Particulate Radiation

61
Q

2 Particulate Radiation

A

Alpha,

Beta

62
Q

pure energy, no mass and no charge

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

63
Q

Example of Electromagnetic Radiation

64
Q

X-rays originated from

65
Q

Gamma rays originated from

66
Q

It occurs during isomeric transition

A

Gamma ray emission

67
Q

has 2 protons and 2 neutrons with mass number of 4

A

Alpha particles

68
Q

Decay that interacts with neutrons

A

Beta negative decay

69
Q

Decay that interacts with protons

A

Beta positive decay

70
Q

Beta positive decay emits

71
Q

Beta negative decay emits

72
Q

Technetium-99m half-life

73
Q

Cesium-138 half-life

74
Q

Radon gas half-life

75
Q

Gold-198 half-life

RT 203 (11 decks)

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