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RT 203 > 10. Interaction of Radiation with Matter > Flashcards

10. Interaction of Radiation with Matter Flashcards

1
Q

is defined as the rate of emitted energy from unit surface area through unit solid angle

A

Radiation Intensity

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2
Q

The total reduction in the number of x-rays remaining in an x-ray beam after penetration through a given thickness of tissue

A

Attenuation

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3
Q

is the product of absorption and scattering

A

Attenuation

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4
Q

is an all-or-none condition for an x-ray

A

Absorption

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5
Q

is a quantity that characterizes how easily a material or medium can be penetrated
by a beam of light, sound, particles, or other energy or matter.

A

Attenuation Coefficient

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6
Q

The attenuation coefficient is also called

A

linear attenuation coefficient,
narrow beam attenuation coefficient, or
absorption coefficient

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7
Q

means that the beam is quickly “attenuated” (weakened) as it passes through the medium

A

large attenuation coefficient

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8
Q

means that the medium is relatively transparent to the beam

A

small attenuation coefficient

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9
Q

The difference in x-ray interaction

A

Differential Absorption

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10
Q

Increases as the kVp is reduced

A

Differential Absorption

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11
Q

Differential absorption and attenuation of the x-ray beam depend on the following factors:

A

o The atomic number (Z) of the atoms in tissue.
o The mass density of the atoms in tissue.
o The x-ray energy.

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12
Q

The Thickness of an absorber needed to reduce the intensity of the x-ray beam into half of its original value

A

Half-Value Layer (HVL)

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13
Q

The fraction of the beam that penetrates the block

A

Transmission Fraction

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14
Q

TF = 2^–n

Where n =

A

block thickness/half value thickness

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15
Q

X-ray Interaction Mechanism

A
  • Coherent Scattering
  • Compton Scattering
  • Photoelectric Effect
  • Pair Production
  • Photodisintegration
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16
Q

Energies below approximately 10 keV

A

Coherent Scattering

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17
Q

Coherent Scattering sometimes called

A

Classical scattering or Thompson scattering, Rayleigh Scattering

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18
Q

No ionization

A

Coherent Scattering

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19
Q

is an interaction between low-energy x-rays and atoms.

A

Classical scattering

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20
Q

The x-ray loses no energy but changes direction slightly.

A

Classical scattering

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21
Q

The wavelength of the incident x-ray is equal to the wavelength of the scattered x-ray

A

Classical scattering

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22
Q

the incident x-ray interacts with an outer shell electron and ejects it from the atom,
thereby ionizing the atom

A

Compton Effect

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23
Q

The ejected electron is called a

A

Compton electron or a secondary electron

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24
Q

occurs between moderate-energy x-rays and outer-shell electrons.

A

Compton Effect

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25
Q

It results in ionization of

the target atom, change in direction, and reduction in x-ray energy.

A

Compton Effect

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26
Q

the wavelength of the scattered x-ray is greater than that of the incident x-ray.

A

Compton Effect

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27
Q

The x-ray continues in a different direction with less energy

A

Compton Effect

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28
Q

The probability of the _______ is inversely proportional to x-ray energy (1/E) and independent of atomic number

A

Compton Effect

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29
Q

Interacts with inner shell electrons

A

Photoelectric Effect

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30
Q

X-rays are absorbed

A

Photoelectric Effect

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31
Q

The electron removed from an atom is called

A

photoelectron

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32
Q

is total x-ray absorption

A

Photoelectric Effect

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33
Q

The probability of the ________ is inversely proportional to the third power of the x-ray energy (1/E)^3

A

Photoelectric Effect

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34
Q 
The probability of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is directly proportional to the third power of the atomic number of the 
absorbing material (Z^3)
A

Photoelectric Effect

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35
Q

Incident electron interacts with the nuclear field

A

Pair Production

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36
Q

The interaction between the x-ray and the nuclear field causes the x-ray to disappear, and in its place, two electrons appear, one positively charged (positron) and one negatively charged (electron)

A

Pair Production

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37
Q

positively charged

A

positron

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38
Q

negatively charged

A

electron

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39
Q

Occurs above 1.02 MeV

A

Pair Production

40
Q

Occurs with x-ray energies above 10 MeV

A

Photodisintegration

41
Q

The nucleus is raised to an excited state and instantly emits a nucleon or other nuclear fragment

A

Photodisintegration

42
Q

it means there is decrease in x-ray quantity or the amount of the x-ray beam

A

Attenuation

43
Q

The ______ the linear attenuation coefficient, the ______ capability of the material to absorb radiation. Organizing radiation.

A

greater,

greater

44
Q

type of interaction occurs when there is no interaction

A

Excitation

45
Q

the incoming electron does not possess enough energy to remove any electron the atom; the atom will just raise to the higher energy state and eventually return to its normal state; in the process,

A

Excitation

46
Q

In Excitation, ______ is being emitted but there is no removal of electrons involve.

A

Infrared Radiation

47
Q

The incident photon strikes the atom but its energy is not enough it is deflected; atoms are just trembles or shaken and eventually return to normal

A

Classical scattering

48
Q

Occurs when the energy of the incoming electron is about approximately 20 or 27 up to 37 kEv

A

Compton Effect

49
Q

The energy of the incoming electron is not that much but it’s enough to produce ionization in outer shell electrons; the ejected electrons is what we call the ______, it will be scattered. If the scattered electrons still have enough energy, it will continue ionizing others till the energy is gone, just like the billiard-ball analogy.

A

Compton Electron

50
Q

Compton effect SI Unit:

A

kEv

51
Q

X-rays are scattered

A

Compton Electron

52
Q

Interacts with outer shell

A

Compton Electron

53
Q

If you increased the kVp, the probability of Compton effect will

A

decrease

54
Q

The incoming electron will remove the inner shell electron; the ejected electron is known as PHOTOELECTRON, if it has enough energy, it will ionize other atom, it will strike and eject other electron, the second electron that will be ejected is what we called

A

Auger Electron

55
Q

In the photoelectric effect once the inner shell electrons have been ejected; there are 2 possible ways:

A

1) electrons drops the fill of vacancy of the emitting photon or
2) the energy is transfer to outer electron and ejects it

56
Q

The higher the atomic number the _____ the chance of having photoelectric effect; _____ chance of having an absorption.

A

greater,

greater

57
Q

Incoming electron interacts with the nuclear field; the atom will be divided into a positive charge and negative charge both of the particles possess 0.511 MeV a total of 1.02 MeV, in order to create pair production, the energy of the projectile electron must be equal or greater than 1.02 MeV.

A

Pair Production

58
Q

does not occur in diagnostic radiography, it only occurs in PET imaging or nuclear medicine

A

Pair Production

59
Q

are the only interaction contributes in diagnostic radiography

A

Photoelectric Effect and Compton Effect

60
Q

Occurs in nuclear bomb explosion

A

Photodisintegration

61
Q

Incoming electron interacts with the nucleus and disappear in nuclear fragments and scattered away

A

Photodisintegration

62
Q

Indicates the ability of material to attenuate

A

Linear Attenuation Coefficient

63
Q

is the total reduction of

radiation intensity

A

Attenuation

64
Q

The type of interaction that will occur in coherent scattering is

A

Excitation

65
Q

Does not contribute to the formation of the image

A

Coherent Scattering

66
Q

is not capable of removing the electron in the shells

A

Low energy

67
Q

99% of coherent scattering is

A

heat or infrared radiation

68
Q

The more the energy is decreased, photoelectric effect ______

A

increases

69
Q

The term “_____” is used because the types of substance is an aggregation of
different types of element.

A

Effective

70
Q

Fat effective atomic number

A

6.3

71
Q

Soft tissue effective atomic number

A

7.4

72
Q

Lung effective atomic number

A

7.4

73
Q

Bone effective atomic number

A

13.8

74
Q

Air effective atomic number

A

7.6

75
Q

Iodine effective atomic number

A

53

76
Q

Barium effective atomic number

A

56

77
Q

Concrete effective atomic number

A

17

78
Q

Molybdenum effective atomic number

A

42

79
Q

Tungsten effective atomic number

A

74

80
Q

Lead effective atomic number

A

82

81
Q

Rhodium atomic number

A

45

82
Q

Rhenium atomic number

A

75

83
Q

Calcium atomic number

A

20

84
Q

Hydrogen K-shell electron binding energy

A

0.02

85
Q

Carbon K-shell electron binding energy

A

0.3

86
Q

Nitrogen K-shell electron binding energy

A

0.4

87
Q

Oxygen K-shell electron binding energy

A

0.5

88
Q

Aluminum K-shell electron binding energy

A

1.6

89
Q

Calcium K-shell electron binding energy

A

4.1

90
Q

Molybdenum K-shell electron binding energy

A

19

91
Q

Rhodium K-shell electron binding energy

A

23

92
Q

Iodine K-shell electron binding energy

A

33

93
Q

Barium K-shell electron binding energy

A

37

94
Q

Tungsten K-shell electron binding energy

A

69

95
Q

Rhenium K-shell electron binding energy

A

72

96
Q

Lead K-shell electron binding energy

A

88

RT 203 (11 decks)

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