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RT 203 > 6. X-ray Production > Flashcards

6. X-ray Production Flashcards

1
Q

During the 1870s and 1880s, many university physics laboratories were investigating the
conduction of cathode rays through a large, partially evacuated glass tube known as a

A

Crookes tube

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2
Q

was the forerunner of

modern fluorescent lamps and x-ray tubes

A

Crookes tube

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3
Q

was experimenting with a type of Crookes tube when he discovered x-rays

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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4
Q

The date x-rays were discovered

A

November 8, 1895

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5
Q

On November 8, 1895, Roentgen was working in his physics laboratory at

A

Würzburg University in Germany

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6
Q

He had darkened his laboratory and completely enclosed his Crookes tube with black photographic paper so he could better visualize the effects of the cathode rays in the tube. A plate coated with ________, a
fluorescent material, happened to be lying on a bench
top several meters from the Crookes tube.

A

Barium Platinocyanide

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7
Q

No visible light escaped from the Crookes tube
because of the black paper that enclosed it, but Roentgen noted that the barium platinocyanide glowed. This glow is called

A

fluorescence

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8
Q

First Clinical Application of x-rays was conducted at

A

Dartmouth College in February 1896

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9
Q

X-rays are also called

A

Roentgen rays

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10
Q

Roentgen was able to capture a radiograph

of the hand of his wife:

A

Anna Bertha Ludwig

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11
Q

was primarily used to study the nature of electrons

A

Crookes tube

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12
Q

Crookes tube was primarily used to study
the nature of electrons. In contrast, X-ray
tube now is primarily for _____

A

Xray production

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13
Q

By making sure that electrons are directed
to one direction only (cathode to anode),
Quality of x-rays is ___ quality and generation of x-rays is _____. Unlike in
Crookes tube.

A

high,

efficient

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14
Q

is the source of electrons

A

Cathode

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15
Q

the target, where electrons are bombarded

A

Anode

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16
Q

is composed of Tungsten

A

Anode

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17
Q

When electrons hit anode, tungsten is said

to be _____, creating electrons that will used to penetrate patients

A

ionized

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18
Q

come from the electrons outside nucleus

A

X-rays

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19
Q

come from the nucleus

A

Gamma rays

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20
Q

is what encloses the internal components

A

Pyrex glass

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21
Q

This kind of glass is able to withstand tremendous amount of heat during
the process of x-ray production

A

Pyrex glass

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22
Q

not all x-rays (1% ) are useful, some are
______ x-rays that only add radiation
dose of patient

A

low energy

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23
Q

is the area of the glass or metal enclosure, approximately 5 cm^2, that is thin and through which the useful beam
of x-rays is emitted

A

X-ray tube window

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24
Q

thinnest part of the x-ray tube glass

A

X-ray tube window

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25
Q

it is thin so that it will not decrease the

energy of the x-rays that will pass through it

A

X-ray tube window

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26
Q

Other parts of the glass is ____, nonetheless

A

thick

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27
Q

is not immediately visible

because it is contained within the protective housing which is made up of lead

A

X-ray tube

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28
Q

has a hole where x-rays

could escape

A

Protective housing

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29
Q

Inside the x-ray tube is a ______ no air; this
is important so that no molecules/air will
interfere with the flow of electrons from cathode to anode

A

vacuum

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30
Q

Within the protective housing and x-ray

tube, there is ___ for insulation

A

Oil

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31
Q

will help to remove away heat during x-ray

production

A

Oil

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32
Q

One that holds target anode is

A

rotor

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33
Q

Heat from the target will be conducted

away by the

A

rotor

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34
Q

Oil will then transfer heat to the protective

housing through

A

convection

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35
Q

Protective housing will then release heat in

the form of

A

infrared radiation= environment radiation

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36
Q

X-rays emitted through the window is called the

A

useful beam

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37
Q

X-rays that escaped through the tube housing are called

A

Leakage radiation

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38
Q

Leakage radiation should not exceed _____ at 1 m when operated at maximum condition

A

100 mR/hr

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39
Q

The protective housing around some x-ray tubes contains oil that serves as both an _____ against electric shock and _____ to dissipate heat

A

insulator,

thermal cushion

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40
Q

Xrays that don’t pass through the x-ray tube

window is called

A

Leakage radiation

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41
Q

Direction of x-rays is

A

divergent

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42
Q

X rays goes to all directions from point source. Thus _____

A

leakage radiation

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43
Q

absorb low energy x-rays. Usually made up of aluminum that has an atomic number of 13

A

Filters

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44
Q

enables one to see the field of exposure

A

Collimator

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45
Q

is the negative side of the x-ray tube

A

Cathode

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46
Q

Cathode has 2 primary parts

A

filament and focusing cup

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47
Q

must be pressed to start

rotation of rotor

A

rotor button

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48
Q

while rotor is rotating, ______
(tungsten) will be heated until it boils off
electrons

A

cathode filament

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49
Q

boiling of electrons

A

Thermionic emission

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50
Q

accumulation of electrons

after thermionic emission

A

Space charge

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51
Q

Space charge also called

A

electron cloud

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52
Q

light indicator will turn
on if it is ready for exposure (if boiling off of
electrons is sufficient already)

A

Exposure button

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53
Q

Once exposure button is pushed, _____ will be administered that will push electrons to the anode

A

voltage

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54
Q

If x-ray/exposure button is pushed without pushing the ______ first there will be no exposure that will occur

A

rotor button

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55
Q

must be pushed first so that electrons will be accumulated at the right
amount

A

Rotor button

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56
Q

determine amount of electrons.

However, rough estimate only

A

mAs

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57
Q

are enclosed in a focusing cup

A

Filaments

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58
Q

focuses electrons so that

electron will not scatter

A

Focusing cup

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59
Q

is negatively charged to repel electrons, otherwise, it will attract
electrons if it is positive making it difficult to
bombard electrons to the anode

A

Focusing cup

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60
Q

area in the anode where

electrons will hit. Part of tungsten target

A

Focal spot

61
Q

is held by rotor

A

Target

62
Q

Filament is usually approximately __ in diameter and ___ long

A

2 mm,

1 or 2 cm

63
Q

2 types of filaments

A

small and large

64
Q

Filaments are usually made of

A

thoriated tungsten

65
Q

Tungsten have high melting point of

A

3410 degrees Celsius

66
Q

Does not vaporize easily

A

Filament (Tungsten)

67
Q

Addition of 1% to 2% thorium to tungsten increases the efficiency of

A

thermionic emission

68
Q

Filaments are not purely tungsten. They are

alloyed with

A

thorium

69
Q

Majority of filament is still made of

A

tungsten

70
Q

When the current through the filament is sufficiently high, the outer-shell electrons of the filament atoms are
“boiled off” and ejected from the filament

A

Thermionic emission

71
Q

Focuses the electrons towards the target

A

Focusing Cup

72
Q

a concept in which excess electric charge is treated as a continuum of charge distributed over a
region of space (either a volume or an area) rather than distinct point-like charges

A

Space charge

73
Q

is the positive side of the x-ray tube

A

Anode

74
Q

Functions of anode assembly

A
  • Electrical conductor
  • Mechanical support
  • Thermal dissipator
75
Q

Process of releasing of charged particles through the use of heat.

A

Thermionic emission

76
Q

Where the filaments are embedded

A

Focusing Cup

77
Q

Negatively charged focusing cup > _____

electrons

A

repel

78
Q

it conducts electricity and radiates heat and contains the target

A

Anode

79
Q

has a different texture since it has been hit frequently by electrons coming from the cathode and there is pitting

A

Focal Spot

80
Q

conduct the electricity that is needed to operate the xray tube

A

Electrical conductor

81
Q

rotor holds the target

in place

A

Mechanical support

82
Q

rotor (made up of
copper which is a good heat conductor)
conducts the heat away from the target

A

Thermal dissipator

83
Q

Area of the anode struck by the electrons from the cathode

A

Target

84
Q

Is the actual x-ray source

A

Focal Spot

85
Q

Specific area in the target that is struck by electrons

A

Focal Spot

86
Q

is used when better spatial resolution is required. Ranges from 0.1 to 1 mm

A

Small focal spot

87
Q

is used when large body parts are imaged and when other techniques that produce high are
required

A

Large focal spot

88
Q

The _____ the focal spot, the more it is
easier to heat up and increase mas and
produce more electrons. However, more prone to breakage.

A

smaller

89
Q

has high heat capacity and less prone to breakage

A

Large focal spot

90
Q

Are used in dental x-ray imaging systems, some portable imaging systems, and other purpose units in which high tube current and power are not required

A

Stationary anode

91
Q

Capable of producing high intensity x-ray beam

A

Rotating anode

92
Q

Rotating anode rotates to

A

3400 rpm and 10,000 rpm

93
Q

Heat capacity can be further improved by ______ the speed of anode rotation

A

increasing

94
Q

the target is consists of tungsten alloy embedded in a copper anode

A

Stationary anode tubes

95
Q

the entire rotating disc is the target

A

Rotating anode tubes

96
Q

Stationary anode tubes size

A

About 4 mm^2

97
Q

Rotating anode tubes size

A

About 3159 mm^2

98
Q

heat is distributed

across different areas

A

Rotating anode

99
Q

is powered by an electromagnetic induction motor

A

Rotating anode

100
Q

is consist of 2 parts: the stator and the rotor

A

Induction motor

101
Q

fixed electromagnet. Become magnetized once they are administered
with electricity

A

Stator

102
Q

is surrounded by stator

A

Rotor

103
Q

is wrapped around Ferromagnetic material. Will be attracted once stator is given electricity

A

Copper

104
Q

Tungsten is the material of choice for the target for general radiography for 3 main reasons:

A
  • Atomic number
  • Thermal conductivity
  • High melting point
105
Q

Tungsten atomic number

A

74

106
Q

K shell Electron Binding Energy is high about

A

69.5 keV

107
Q

Does not store heat for a long term.
Conduct heat easily. We don’t want heat to
accumulate in the target so that it won’t
crack

A

Tungsten

108
Q

Specialty x-ray tubes for mammography have ___________ targets principally because of their low atomic number and low K characteristics x-ray energy

A

Molybdenum or Rhodium

109
Q

Alloying ________ gives it added mechanical strength to withstand the stresses of high
speed rotation

A

Tungsten (usually with rhenium )

110
Q

have lower mass density than tungsten, thus allowing the target easier to rotate

A

Molybedum and graphite

111
Q

Molybdenum atomic number

A

42

112
Q

Rhodium atomic number

A

45

113
Q

Molybdenum k-shell electron binding energy:

A

19 keV

114
Q

Rhodium k-shell electron binding energy:

A

23 keV

115
Q

____ energy is required for breasts because
the breast is a soft tissue. If ____ energy will
be used, all will penetrate through the
breast resulting to a dark radiograph

A

Low,

high

116
Q

is needed

to visualize the soft tissues.

A

Differential absorption of x-rays

117
Q

Results in an effective focal spot size much less than the actual focal spot size

A

Line-Focus Principle

118
Q

Line-Focus Principle is also known as

A

Goetze Principle

119
Q

Diagnostic x-ray tubes have target angles that vary from approximately ______ degrees

A

5 to 20

120
Q

allows high anode heating with small effective focal spots. As the target decreases, so does the focal spot size

A

Line-Focus Principle

121
Q

Radiation intensity is greater on the cathode side of the x-ray field than that on the anode side.

A

Anode Heel Effect

122
Q

is made possible with

the angulation of the target

A

Line-Focus Principle

123
Q

The bigger the anode angulation the ____ the

effective focal spot size

A

larger

124
Q

Intensity of xrays is greater on the _____

side (Anode Heel Effect)

A

cathode (Fat Cat)

125
Q

In greater anode angulations, changes in
intensity from cathode to anode is _____
and not abrupt, unlike in smaller anode angle that has abrupt changes

A

gradual

126
Q

To correct heel effect, ______ are used

A

wedge filters

127
Q

If wedge filters are not available, thicker
parts must be placed near the _____ side
and less thicker parts on the ____ side.

A

cathode (thicker),

anode (thinner)

128
Q

Electrons bounce off the focal spot and then land on other areas of the target, causing x-rays to be produced
from outside of the focal spot

A

Off Focus Radiation

129
Q

is the energy of motion

A

Kinetic Energy

130
Q

Electrons travelling from cathode to anode

A

Projectile Electrons

131
Q

interacts with orbital electron of the target atom

A

Projectile Electrons

132
Q

Projectile electron interacts with orbital electron of the target atom. This interaction results in the conversion of electron kinetic energy into ______ and electromagnetic energy in the form of ______

A

KE- thermal energy (heat),

EME- infrared radiation (also heat) and x-ray

133
Q

Approximately ____ of kinetic energy of projectile electrons is converted to heat

A

99%

134
Q

Only approximately ___ of projectile electrons is converted to x-ray

A

1%

135
Q

X-rays produced

outside of the focal spot

A

Off Focus Radiation

136
Q

electrons ejected from

the outer shell

A

Compton electron

137
Q

In 1% , ___ is characteristic radiation but

only those with 69 kev where k shell electron vacancy is filled is useful

A

15%

138
Q

characteristic radiation
from them usually do not penetrate patient
and reach IR

A

LMNOP shells

139
Q

The slowing of nucleus and loss of kinetic energy produces

A

X-rays

140
Q

The efficiency of x-ray production is independent of the tube current.
o At 60 kVp, ___ conversion
o At 100 kVp, ___ conversion
o At 20 MV, ___ conversion

A

0.5%,
1%,
70%

141
Q

are emitted when an outer-shell electron fills an inner-shell void

A

Characteristic x-rays

142
Q

At 100 kVp, approximately ____ of the x-ray beam is characteristic

A

15%

143
Q

Are produced when a projectile electron is slowed by the electric field of a target atom nucleus

A

Bremsstrahlung Radiation

144
Q

“Slowed down radiation”

A

Bremsstrahlung Radiation

145
Q

German word which means “braking radiation” or “deceleration radiation”

A

Bremsstrahlung Radiation

146
Q

to brake

A

bremsen

147
Q

radiation

A

Strahlung

148
Q

In characteristic radiation, About _____ are Bremsstrahlung. But
large portion of bremsstrahlung radiation
produced is not useful

A

75- 85%

RT 203 (11 decks)

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