8. Support system in humans (heart) Flashcards
Name the 2 Human Circulatory Systems.
- Closed Circulatory System
- Double Circulatory System
Name the 2 types of Circulation in the Double Circulatory System.
- Pulmonary
- Systemic
Explain a Closed Circulatory System.
- Blood vessels from one type to another.
- Blood flows in one direction.
Explain a Double Circulatory System.
- Blood is pumped to the heart twice and leaves the heart twice.
Explain Pulmonary Circulation.
- Between heart and lungs
- Deoxygenated blood enters lungs.
- Oxygenated blood returns to heart.
Explain Systemic Circulation.
- Between heart and body
- Oxygenated blood goes to organs.
- Deoxygenated blood returns to heart.
Provide the definition of Apex.
Bottom part of heart, points to the left.
Provide the definition of Pericardium.
Double-walled membrane that encloses the heart.
Provide the definition of Pericardial fluid.
Prevents friction and allows space for heart to move.
Name 3 external structures of the heart.
Apex, pericardium and pericardial fluid.
Name the 2 types of Coronary blood vessels.
- Coronary artery
- Coronary vein
What does the Coronary artery do?
Supplies cardiac muscle with oxygenated, nutrient rich blood.
What does the Coronary vein do?
Removes carbon dioxide, nitrogenous waste blood from heart muscle.
Provide the definition of Septum?
Muscular wall separating the heart into right and left.
What 4 chambers is the heart divided into?
Atria and Ventricles
What valve is between the RA and RV?
Tricuspid valve
What valve is between the LA and LV?
Bicuspid valve
What does Systole mean?
Contraction of the heart muscle.
What does Diastole mean?
Relaxation of the heart muscle.
What is the Sino-Atrial node known as?
Pacemaker
What does the Pacemaker do?
Keeps heartbeat going
List the Cardiac cycle in order.
- Atrial Systole
- Ventricular Systole
- General Diastole
Explain the process of Atrial Systole.
- SA node sends electrical impulses to muscle of atria.
- Atria contract
- Tricuspid+ Bicuspid valves are open, semi-lunar valves are closed.
- Blood flows into ventricles
Explain the process of Ventricular Systole.
- Electrical signals go to Atrio-ventricular node.
- Then to ventricles
- Ventricles contract
- Blood is forced into aorta and pulmonary arteries.
- Semilunar valves are open, AV valves are closed.
Explain the process of General Diastole.
- Atria and ventricles relax
- Semilunar valves are closed
- Blood moves into aorta via vena cava and pulmonary arteries.
Give 3 structural differences between Arteries and Veins.
Arteries:- small lumen
- thick layer of smooth muscle
- no valves
Veins:- large lumen
- thin layer of smooth muscle
- valves present
Give the functional difference between Arteries and Veins.
Arteries: Takes blood away from heart
Veins: Take blood towards heart
Name 4 things in the composition of blood.
- Plasma
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
What is the characteristic of Plasma?
Water with dissolved gases, enzymes and nutrients.
What are the functions of Plasma?
- Control body temp.
- Transport fatty acids
- Helps with osmotic pressure and clotting
What is the characteristic of Red blood cells?
Disk-shaped cell thinner in center than sides.
What is the function of Red blood cells?
Transport oxygen to cells
What is the characteristics of White blood cells?
- Macrophages, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
What is the functions of White blood cells?
- Macrophages: engulf pathogens
- B lymphocytes: produce antibodies
- T lymphocytes: fight viruses
What is the characteristics of Platelets?
Fragments of cytoplasm of certain bone marrow cells.
What is the function of Platelets?
Release clotting factors to start clotting
What is the Lymphatic System?
Network of organs, lymph nodes, ducts and vessels that produce and transport lymph.
What does the Lymphatic System do?
Help to circulate tissue fluid from body tissues and capillaries back to the bloodstream.
Explain how the Lymphatic System works.
- Lymph vessels have valves to prevent backflow.
- Lymph nodes filter lymph and destroy foreign matter.
- Lymph vessels return cleaned fluid to circulatory system.
- Lacteal and villi of small intestines absorb glycerol and fatty acids.
Give 5 functions of the Lymphatic System.
- Transport nutrients
- Drainage
- Transport waste
- Detoxification
- Manufacture immune system cells
What is the purpose of Lacteal in the small intestine?
Absorb and transport lipids.
What is the purpose of Microvilli in the small intestine?
Increase surface area for maximum absorption
What is the purpose of Capillaries in the small intestine?
Absorb and transport glucose and amino acids.
What is the purpose of Mitochondria in the small intestines?
Supply energy for active absorption.
What is the purpose of Goblet cells in the small intestine?
Allows nutrients to be dissolved and then absorbed.
What is the purpose of Columnar Epithelium in the small intestine?
Allows nutrients to pass through quickly and easily.
What are the causes of Cardiovascular diseases?
- Poor lifestyle such as smoking, no exercise, long-term stress and excessive weight.
- Inherited cardiovascular diseases such as congenital conditions.
Name the 6 types of Cardiovascular diseases.
- Anaemia
- Leukemia
- High blood pressure
- Low blood pressure
- Atherosclerosis, angina and strokes
- Heart attack
What is the cause of Anaemia?
Too few red blood cells
What are the sympyoms of Anaemia?
- Pale
- No energy
What is the cause of Leukemia?
- Uncontrolled production of leucocytes
What is the medical term for High blood pressure?
Hypertension
What is High blood pressure caused by?
- Salt and water being held in tissue
- Genetic predisposition to constrictionof blood vessels.
What does High blood pressure increase the risk of?
Stroke, heart attack and kidney disease.
What is the medical term for Low blood pressure?
Hypotension
Give 2 symptoms of Low blood pressure.
Dizziness and fainting
Give 6 causes of Low blood pressure.
- Dehydration
- Blood loss
- Severe infection
- Severe allergic reaction
- Hormone-related diseases
- Lack of nutrients
What is Atherosclerosis?
Thickening or hardening of arteries caused by a build-up of plaque in inner lining of artery.
What is Angina?
Too little blood getting to the heart muscle, due to blocked coronary arteries.
What happens during a Stroke?
Blood flow to the brain is stopped.
Provide the medical term for a Heart attack?
Myocardial infarction
How does a Heart attack happen?
Blood clot/ fatty deposit blocks part of coronary artery and blood supply to the myocardium is reduced/stopped.
Name 5 treatments of heart dieseases.
- Coronary stenting
- Heart valve replacement
- Artificial pacemaker
- Coronary artery bypass graft
- Heart transplant
How does Coronary stenting work?
- Catheter with balloon and mesh tube pushed into blocked vessel.
- Balloon blows up to stop vessel narrowing again.
What is a Heart valve replacement?
Damaged valves replaced with artificial valves.
What is a Coronary artery bypass graft?
- Restores blood flow to heart if there’s any blockages in artery.
- Vessels from other parts of the body are used.
Provide the definition of Coronary blood vessels.
Blood vessels that transport blood to and from the cardiac muscle.
Provide the definition of Endocardium.
Thin membrane of squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the heart.
Provide the definition of Atria.
The small, upper receiving chambers in the human heart.
Provide the definition of Ventricle.
The large, lower pumping chambers in the human heart.
Provide the definition of Capillaries.
Blood vessels where exchange of substance to and from the cells occur.
Provide the definition of Arteries.
Blood vessels that transport blood away from heart.
Provide the definition of Veins.
Blood vessels that transport blood to the heart.
Provide the definition of Oxygenated blood.
Blood with a high concentration of oxygen and a low concentration of carbon dioxide.
Provide the definition of Deoxygenated blood.
Blood with a high concentration of carbon dioxide and a low concentration of oxygen.
