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Bio > 8. Support system in humans (heart) > Flashcards

8. Support system in humans (heart) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the 2 Human Circulatory Systems.

A
  • Closed Circulatory System
  • Double Circulatory System
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2
Q

Name the 2 types of Circulation in the Double Circulatory System.

A
  • Pulmonary
  • Systemic
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3
Q

Explain a Closed Circulatory System.

A
  • Blood vessels from one type to another.
  • Blood flows in one direction.
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4
Q

Explain a Double Circulatory System.

A
  • Blood is pumped to the heart twice and leaves the heart twice.
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5
Q

Explain Pulmonary Circulation.

A
  • Between heart and lungs
  • Deoxygenated blood enters lungs.
  • Oxygenated blood returns to heart.
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6
Q

Explain Systemic Circulation.

A
  • Between heart and body
  • Oxygenated blood goes to organs.
  • Deoxygenated blood returns to heart.
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7
Q

Provide the definition of Apex.

A

Bottom part of heart, points to the left.

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8
Q

Provide the definition of Pericardium.

A

Double-walled membrane that encloses the heart.

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9
Q

Provide the definition of Pericardial fluid.

A

Prevents friction and allows space for heart to move.

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10
Q

Name 3 external structures of the heart.

A

Apex, pericardium and pericardial fluid.

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11
Q

Name the 2 types of Coronary blood vessels.

A
  • Coronary artery
  • Coronary vein
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12
Q

What does the Coronary artery do?

A

Supplies cardiac muscle with oxygenated, nutrient rich blood.

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13
Q

What does the Coronary vein do?

A

Removes carbon dioxide, nitrogenous waste blood from heart muscle.

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14
Q

Provide the definition of Septum?

A

Muscular wall separating the heart into right and left.

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15
Q

What 4 chambers is the heart divided into?

A

Atria and Ventricles

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16
Q

What valve is between the RA and RV?

A

Tricuspid valve

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17
Q

What valve is between the LA and LV?

A

Bicuspid valve

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18
Q

What does Systole mean?

A

Contraction of the heart muscle.

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19
Q

What does Diastole mean?

A

Relaxation of the heart muscle.

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20
Q

What is the Sino-Atrial node known as?

A

Pacemaker

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21
Q

What does the Pacemaker do?

A

Keeps heartbeat going

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22
Q

List the Cardiac cycle in order.

A
  1. Atrial Systole
  2. Ventricular Systole
  3. General Diastole
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23
Q

Explain the process of Atrial Systole.

A
  • SA node sends electrical impulses to muscle of atria.
  • Atria contract
  • Tricuspid+ Bicuspid valves are open, semi-lunar valves are closed.
  • Blood flows into ventricles
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24
Q

Explain the process of Ventricular Systole.

A
  • Electrical signals go to Atrio-ventricular node.
  • Then to ventricles
  • Ventricles contract
  • Blood is forced into aorta and pulmonary arteries.
  • Semilunar valves are open, AV valves are closed.
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25
Q

Explain the process of General Diastole.

A
  • Atria and ventricles relax
  • Semilunar valves are closed
  • Blood moves into aorta via vena cava and pulmonary arteries.
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26
Q

Give 3 structural differences between Arteries and Veins.

A

Arteries:- small lumen
- thick layer of smooth muscle
- no valves

Veins:- large lumen
- thin layer of smooth muscle
- valves present

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27
Q

Give the functional difference between Arteries and Veins.

A

Arteries: Takes blood away from heart
Veins: Take blood towards heart

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28
Q

Name 4 things in the composition of blood.

A
  • Plasma
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
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29
Q

What is the characteristic of Plasma?

A

Water with dissolved gases, enzymes and nutrients.

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30
Q

What are the functions of Plasma?

A
  • Control body temp.
  • Transport fatty acids
  • Helps with osmotic pressure and clotting
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31
Q

What is the characteristic of Red blood cells?

A

Disk-shaped cell thinner in center than sides.

32
Q

What is the function of Red blood cells?

A

Transport oxygen to cells

33
Q

What is the characteristics of White blood cells?

A
  • Macrophages, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
34
Q

What is the functions of White blood cells?

A
  • Macrophages: engulf pathogens
  • B lymphocytes: produce antibodies
  • T lymphocytes: fight viruses
35
Q

What is the characteristics of Platelets?

A

Fragments of cytoplasm of certain bone marrow cells.

36
Q

What is the function of Platelets?

A

Release clotting factors to start clotting

37
Q

What is the Lymphatic System?

A

Network of organs, lymph nodes, ducts and vessels that produce and transport lymph.

38
Q

What does the Lymphatic System do?

A

Help to circulate tissue fluid from body tissues and capillaries back to the bloodstream.

39
Q

Explain how the Lymphatic System works.

A
  • Lymph vessels have valves to prevent backflow.
  • Lymph nodes filter lymph and destroy foreign matter.
  • Lymph vessels return cleaned fluid to circulatory system.
  • Lacteal and villi of small intestines absorb glycerol and fatty acids.
40
Q

Give 5 functions of the Lymphatic System.

A
  • Transport nutrients
  • Drainage
  • Transport waste
  • Detoxification
  • Manufacture immune system cells
41
Q

What is the purpose of Lacteal in the small intestine?

A

Absorb and transport lipids.

42
Q

What is the purpose of Microvilli in the small intestine?

A

Increase surface area for maximum absorption

43
Q

What is the purpose of Capillaries in the small intestine?

A

Absorb and transport glucose and amino acids.

44
Q

What is the purpose of Mitochondria in the small intestines?

A

Supply energy for active absorption.

45
Q

What is the purpose of Goblet cells in the small intestine?

A

Allows nutrients to be dissolved and then absorbed.

46
Q

What is the purpose of Columnar Epithelium in the small intestine?

A

Allows nutrients to pass through quickly and easily.

47
Q

What are the causes of Cardiovascular diseases?

A
  • Poor lifestyle such as smoking, no exercise, long-term stress and excessive weight.
  • Inherited cardiovascular diseases such as congenital conditions.
48
Q

Name the 6 types of Cardiovascular diseases.

A
  1. Anaemia
  2. Leukemia
  3. High blood pressure
  4. Low blood pressure
  5. Atherosclerosis, angina and strokes
  6. Heart attack
49
Q

What is the cause of Anaemia?

A

Too few red blood cells

50
Q

What are the sympyoms of Anaemia?

A
  • Pale
  • No energy
51
Q

What is the cause of Leukemia?

A
  • Uncontrolled production of leucocytes
52
Q

What is the medical term for High blood pressure?

A

Hypertension

53
Q

What is High blood pressure caused by?

A
  • Salt and water being held in tissue
  • Genetic predisposition to constrictionof blood vessels.
54
Q
A
55
Q

What does High blood pressure increase the risk of?

A

Stroke, heart attack and kidney disease.

56
Q

What is the medical term for Low blood pressure?

A

Hypotension

57
Q

Give 2 symptoms of Low blood pressure.

A

Dizziness and fainting

58
Q

Give 6 causes of Low blood pressure.

A
  • Dehydration
  • Blood loss
  • Severe infection
  • Severe allergic reaction
  • Hormone-related diseases
  • Lack of nutrients
59
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

Thickening or hardening of arteries caused by a build-up of plaque in inner lining of artery.

60
Q

What is Angina?

A

Too little blood getting to the heart muscle, due to blocked coronary arteries.

61
Q

What happens during a Stroke?

A

Blood flow to the brain is stopped.

62
Q

Provide the medical term for a Heart attack?

A

Myocardial infarction

63
Q

How does a Heart attack happen?

A

Blood clot/ fatty deposit blocks part of coronary artery and blood supply to the myocardium is reduced/stopped.

64
Q

Name 5 treatments of heart dieseases.

A
  1. Coronary stenting
  2. Heart valve replacement
  3. Artificial pacemaker
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft
  5. Heart transplant
65
Q

How does Coronary stenting work?

A
  • Catheter with balloon and mesh tube pushed into blocked vessel.
  • Balloon blows up to stop vessel narrowing again.
66
Q

What is a Heart valve replacement?

A

Damaged valves replaced with artificial valves.

67
Q

What is a Coronary artery bypass graft?

A
  • Restores blood flow to heart if there’s any blockages in artery.
  • Vessels from other parts of the body are used.
68
Q

Provide the definition of Coronary blood vessels.

A

Blood vessels that transport blood to and from the cardiac muscle.

69
Q

Provide the definition of Endocardium.

A

Thin membrane of squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the heart.

70
Q

Provide the definition of Atria.

A

The small, upper receiving chambers in the human heart.

71
Q

Provide the definition of Ventricle.

A

The large, lower pumping chambers in the human heart.

72
Q

Provide the definition of Capillaries.

A

Blood vessels where exchange of substance to and from the cells occur.

73
Q

Provide the definition of Arteries.

A

Blood vessels that transport blood away from heart.

74
Q

Provide the definition of Veins.

A

Blood vessels that transport blood to the heart.

75
Q

Provide the definition of Oxygenated blood.

A

Blood with a high concentration of oxygen and a low concentration of carbon dioxide.

76
Q

Provide the definition of Deoxygenated blood.

A

Blood with a high concentration of carbon dioxide and a low concentration of oxygen.

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