2. Cells Flashcards
List the 3 Cell theories.
- Every living organism is made up of atleast 1 cell
- Cells are the basic structural and functional units of multicellular organisms.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Name the 3 types of magnifying instruments.
- Hand lens
- Light microscope
- Electron microscope
What is a hand lens used for?
Study small plants and animals.
What is a light microscope used for?
Study simple features of cells
What is a electron microscope used for?
See much smaller structures within cells.
Name the 4 things that all Eukaryotic cells have.
- Cell membrane
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Organelles
What is the function of a cell wall?
Support and structure
What is the cell wall made of and state it’s location.
Cellulose, in plant cells only.
Provide the function of the cell membrane.
- Selectively permeable
What is the cell membrane also known as?
Phospholipid bilayer
Provide the definition of Diffusion.
Movement of enery from a high concentration to a low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
Requires no energy.
Provide the definition of Osmosis.
Water moves across a semi-permeable membrane from a high water potential to a low water potential.
No energy required.
Provide the definition of Active transport.
Active process where substances move against a concentration gradient (low to high)
What is Endosmosis?
Osmosis into a cell
What is Exosmosis?
Osmosis out of a cell
What is Endocytosis?
Taking in food particles and nutrients.
What is Exocytosis?
Removing particles and metabolic.
What is Plasmolysis?
Process where so much water leaves the cell that the cell membrane pulls away from cell wall, therefore the plant cell becomes flascid.
Provide the function of the Nucleus.
- Controls all metabolic reactions
- Contains genetic material
What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
- Connects cell membrane and nuclear membrane.
- Rough ER with ribosomes, makes proteins.
- Smooth ER without ribosomes, makes lipids and hormones.
What is the function of Cytoplasm?
- Acts as medium for chemical reactions.
- Helps to transport substances and organelles around the cell.
What is the function of Ribosomes?
Site for protein synthesis.
What does the Pinocytic vesicle in the Vacuole do?
Takes up fluids
What does the Phagocytic vesicle in the Vacuole do?
Takes up fluid particles
What do the Lysosomes in the Vacuole do?
Contains peroxidase (digestive enzyme)
What does the Contractile Vacuole do?
Osmoregulation
Give one function of the Vacuole.
Surrounded by tonoplast which is semi-permeable.
Give one function of Mitochondria.
Site of cellular respiration
Where does Cellular Respiration occur?
Cells of plants and animals
Where does Aerobic respiration occur?
In presence of oxygen.
Where does Anaeroic respiration?
In absence of oxygen.
Provide the equation for Aerobic respiration.
O2+C6 H12 O6 –> ATP+ CO2+ H2O
Give 4 things in which energy is used for.
- Growth
- Movement
- Cell division
- Active transport
Give the 4 adaptions and reasons of Mitochondria for Cellular respiration.
- Smooth outer membrane for easy movement of mitochondria through cytoplasm.
- Outer membrane permeable to oxygen and pyruvic acid which is required for last 2 phases of cellular respiration.
- Inner membrane highly folded to increase surface area for attachment of enzymes.
- Matrix contains DNA and ribosomes for the manufacturing of enzymes required for cellular respiration.
Provide the function of the Golgi body.
Sorts and stores cellular secretions produced in ER.
Name the 3 types of Plastids.
- Chroloplast
- Chromoplast
- Leucoplast
Provide a description of Chroplast.
- Contains Chlorophyll
- Produce and store glucose
Provide a description of Chromoplast.
- Contains carotenoids
- Found in flowers and fruit
Provide a description of Leucoplast.
- Contains no pigment
- Stores starch
Provide the definition of photosynthesis.
Process by which green plants manufacture their own food using light energy.
Explain how the structure of Chloroplast is suited to it’s structure.
- Starch granules to store starch.
- Stroma contains enzymes to catalyse reactions.
- Grana contains chlorophyll to trap sunlight.
- Ribosomes in the stroma to synthesise enzymes.
What is the Chromatin network?
Long structure that consists if DNA and occurs in nucleus.
Provide the definition of Cell Differentiation.
Process in which cell changes it’s size, shape and structure to perform a specific function.
- Stem cells in animals
- Meristematic cells in plants
Provide the definition of Tonoplast.
Membrane surrounding the vacuole in cells.
What is the function of the Eyepiece?
Contains lenses to magnify the specimen.
What is the function of the Bodytube?
Light passes through the bodytube to the ocular lens.
What is the function of the Arm?
To carry microscope and hold all parts together.
What is the function of the Coarse adjustment screw?
Moves stage up and down to locate image and large focusing changes.
What is the function of the Fine adjustment screw?
Used for final focus to get a clear image.
What is the function of the Revolving nosepiece?
Holds objective and lets user change the lenses to change how much specimen is magnified.
What is the function of Objectives?
Enlarges image either 4x, 10x or 40x
What is the function of the Stage?
Supports slide over opening which transmits light from below.
What is the function of the Diaphragm?
Controls amount of light directed onto object.
What is the function of the Base?
Supports the weight of microscope.
What is the function of the Light Source?
Provides light to make spectrum visible.
