7. Support systems in humans (skeleton) Flashcards
What do the two main sections of the skeleton consist of?
Axial and Appendicular
What does the Appendicular skeleton consist of?
Pectoral girdle and Pelvic girdle
What does the Axial skeleton consist of?
Skull, Thorax and Vertebral column
What is the Skull made up of?
Cranium and facial bones
What part of the skull does your spinal cord pass through?
Foramen magnum
What part of the Skull is movable for chewing/talking?
Mandible
What part of the Skull protects the brain?
Cranium
What part of the Skull is fused to the skull?
Maxilla
What part of the Skull joins bones of the cranium together?
Sutures
Provide the dental formula.
2:1:2:3
How many permanent teeth do humans have?
32
List the 4 types of teeth.
- Incisors
- Canines
- Premolars
- Molars
Explain 5 differences in the skull of humans and other primates.
- Bigger cranium which houses a larger, more developed brain.
- More forward position of foramen magnum which indicates bipedalism.
- Cranial and brow ridges are reduced.
- Smaller canines, no diastema.
- No protruding jaws.
How many bones does the Vertebral column have?
33
Provide 3 functions of the Vertebral column.
- Support skull
- Surround and protect spinal cord
- Attachment for ribs, back muscles, pectoral and pelvic girdle
List the parts of the Vertebral column in order.
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
What are the first two vertebrae in the Cervical known as?
Atlas and Axis
What is the Centrum responsible for?
Support weight of the body.
What is the Neural Spine also known as?
Spinous process
What is the Neural Spine responsible for in a Vertebra?
Muscle attachment
What is the Neural Canal responsible for in a Vertebra?
Spinal cord
What is the Transverse process responsible for in a Vertebra?
Muscle and/or rib attachment
Provide a difference in the vertebral columns of humans and other primates.
- S-shaped in humans for flexibility+shock absorption for bipedalism.
- C-shaped in primates for quadropedalism
What is the Thorax for?
Protection of heart and lungs
How many pairs of true ribs in the Thorax?
7 pairs
How many carpals does a human have?
8
Explain the difference in pelvic girdles between humans and other primates.
Human pelvic girdle is shorter and wider due to upright pressure. Other primates have a long and narrow pelvic girdle to evenly spread weight in quadropeds.
List 4 differences in skeletons between humans and other primates?
- Cranium
- Cranial ridges
- Canines
- Brow ridges
Name the 6 functions of the Skeleton.
- Support
- Movement
- Protection
- Mineral storage
- Hearing
- Production of blood cells
What is Endosteum?
Soft membrane lining the marrow cavity
What is the Periosteum?
Tough outer membrane, richly supplied with blood vessels.
What is Articular cartilage also known as?
Hyaline cartilage
What does the Articular cartilage do?
Prevents friction where joints are formed with other bones.
What is the Spongy bone tissue?
Contains red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells.
What is a Joint?
Place where two bones meet.
What do Joints provide?
Strength, protection and flexibility.
Describe a Synovial Joint?
Allows movement in most directions.
Name the 4 types of Synovial joints.
- Ball-and-socket
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Gliding
What is a Ball-and-socket joint?
Allows movement in most directions.
What is a Hinge joint?
Allows movement in one direction only. Bends and straightens the arm and leg.
What is a Pivot joint?
Movement around a pivotal joint.
What is a Gliding joint?
Flat surface of one bone slides across surface of a bone next to it.
Give 2 examples of a Ball-and-socket joint.
Shoulder and Hip joint
Give 2 examples of a Hinge joint.
Knee and Elbow
Give 2 examples of a Pivot joint.
Between atlas and axis.
Radius and ulna.
Give 2 examples of a Gliding joint.
Between carpals and tarsals.
What does it mean when muscles work in Antagonistic pairs?
When one contracts, the other relaxes.
What is Rickets?
Defiency disease in chidren where bones become soft, bend and weaken the skeleton.
What is the cause of Rickets?
Lack of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus
What is Osteoporosis?
Brittle, weak bones in adults
What is the cause of Osteoporosis?
- Lack of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus
- Lack of exercise
- Overactive adrenal glands
What is Osteoarthritis?
Cartilage and synovial fluid sacs between joints break down. Bones begin to rub together.
What is the cause of Osteoarthritis?
Age
What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
Pain, stiffness and swelling in one or more of the joints
What is the cause of Rheumatoid arthritis?
Auto-immune disease
Provide the defintion of Arthritis.
Disease that causes severe pain and a loss of movement in joints.
