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Bio > 7. Support systems in humans (skeleton) > Flashcards

7. Support systems in humans (skeleton) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do the two main sections of the skeleton consist of?

A

Axial and Appendicular

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2
Q

What does the Appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

Pectoral girdle and Pelvic girdle

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3
Q

What does the Axial skeleton consist of?

A

Skull, Thorax and Vertebral column

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4
Q

What is the Skull made up of?

A

Cranium and facial bones

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5
Q

What part of the skull does your spinal cord pass through?

A

Foramen magnum

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6
Q

What part of the Skull is movable for chewing/talking?

A

Mandible

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7
Q

What part of the Skull protects the brain?

A

Cranium

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8
Q

What part of the Skull is fused to the skull?

A

Maxilla

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9
Q

What part of the Skull joins bones of the cranium together?

A

Sutures

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10
Q

Provide the dental formula.

A

2:1:2:3

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11
Q

How many permanent teeth do humans have?

A

32

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12
Q

List the 4 types of teeth.

A
  • Incisors
  • Canines
  • Premolars
  • Molars
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13
Q

Explain 5 differences in the skull of humans and other primates.

A
  1. Bigger cranium which houses a larger, more developed brain.
  2. More forward position of foramen magnum which indicates bipedalism.
  3. Cranial and brow ridges are reduced.
  4. Smaller canines, no diastema.
  5. No protruding jaws.
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14
Q

How many bones does the Vertebral column have?

A

33

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15
Q

Provide 3 functions of the Vertebral column.

A
  • Support skull
  • Surround and protect spinal cord
  • Attachment for ribs, back muscles, pectoral and pelvic girdle
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16
Q

List the parts of the Vertebral column in order.

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacrum
  5. Coccyx
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17
Q

What are the first two vertebrae in the Cervical known as?

A

Atlas and Axis

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18
Q

What is the Centrum responsible for?

A

Support weight of the body.

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19
Q

What is the Neural Spine also known as?

A

Spinous process

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20
Q

What is the Neural Spine responsible for in a Vertebra?

A

Muscle attachment

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21
Q

What is the Neural Canal responsible for in a Vertebra?

A

Spinal cord

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22
Q

What is the Transverse process responsible for in a Vertebra?

A

Muscle and/or rib attachment

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23
Q

Provide a difference in the vertebral columns of humans and other primates.

A
  • S-shaped in humans for flexibility+shock absorption for bipedalism.
  • C-shaped in primates for quadropedalism
24
Q

What is the Thorax for?

A

Protection of heart and lungs

25
Q

How many pairs of true ribs in the Thorax?

A

7 pairs

26
Q

How many carpals does a human have?

A

8

27
Q

Explain the difference in pelvic girdles between humans and other primates.

A

Human pelvic girdle is shorter and wider due to upright pressure. Other primates have a long and narrow pelvic girdle to evenly spread weight in quadropeds.

28
Q

List 4 differences in skeletons between humans and other primates?

A
  • Cranium
  • Cranial ridges
  • Canines
  • Brow ridges
29
Q

Name the 6 functions of the Skeleton.

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Mineral storage
  5. Hearing
  6. Production of blood cells
30
Q

What is Endosteum?

A

Soft membrane lining the marrow cavity

31
Q

What is the Periosteum?

A

Tough outer membrane, richly supplied with blood vessels.

32
Q

What is Articular cartilage also known as?

A

Hyaline cartilage

33
Q

What does the Articular cartilage do?

A

Prevents friction where joints are formed with other bones.

34
Q

What is the Spongy bone tissue?

A

Contains red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells.

35
Q

What is a Joint?

A

Place where two bones meet.

36
Q

What do Joints provide?

A

Strength, protection and flexibility.

37
Q

Describe a Synovial Joint?

A

Allows movement in most directions.

38
Q

Name the 4 types of Synovial joints.

A
  1. Ball-and-socket
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Gliding
39
Q

What is a Ball-and-socket joint?

A

Allows movement in most directions.

40
Q

What is a Hinge joint?

A

Allows movement in one direction only. Bends and straightens the arm and leg.

41
Q

What is a Pivot joint?

A

Movement around a pivotal joint.

42
Q

What is a Gliding joint?

A

Flat surface of one bone slides across surface of a bone next to it.

43
Q

Give 2 examples of a Ball-and-socket joint.

A

Shoulder and Hip joint

44
Q

Give 2 examples of a Hinge joint.

A

Knee and Elbow

45
Q

Give 2 examples of a Pivot joint.

A

Between atlas and axis.
Radius and ulna.

46
Q

Give 2 examples of a Gliding joint.

A

Between carpals and tarsals.

47
Q

What does it mean when muscles work in Antagonistic pairs?

A

When one contracts, the other relaxes.

48
Q

What is Rickets?

A

Defiency disease in chidren where bones become soft, bend and weaken the skeleton.

49
Q

What is the cause of Rickets?

A

Lack of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus

50
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

Brittle, weak bones in adults

51
Q

What is the cause of Osteoporosis?

A
  • Lack of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus
  • Lack of exercise
  • Overactive adrenal glands
52
Q

What is Osteoarthritis?

A

Cartilage and synovial fluid sacs between joints break down. Bones begin to rub together.

53
Q

What is the cause of Osteoarthritis?

A

Age

54
Q

What is Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Pain, stiffness and swelling in one or more of the joints

55
Q

What is the cause of Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Auto-immune disease

56
Q

Provide the defintion of Arthritis.

A

Disease that causes severe pain and a loss of movement in joints.

Bio (11 decks)

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