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Bio > 4. Plant Tissues and Organs > Flashcards

4. Plant Tissues and Organs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Provide the definition of Tissue.

A

Group of similar cells adapted for a particular function.

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2
Q

Provide the definition of Organs.

A

Group of different tissues performing specific functions.

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3
Q

Provide the definition of Cell differentiation.

A

Cells develop specific structures for specific functions.

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4
Q

Name the 2 types of Meristematic tissue.

A
  • Apical meristem
  • Lateral meristem
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5
Q

Where is the Apical meristem found?

A

Growing tip of stem and root.

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

In what way does the Apical meristem increase?

A

Length of root and stem

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8
Q

What is the Lateral meristem known as?

A

Cambium

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9
Q

Where is the Lateral meristem found?

A

Lateral sides of stem and root.

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10
Q

In what way does the Lateral meristem increase?

A

Width of stem and root.

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11
Q

Give 4 functions of the Epidermis suited to it’s function.

A
  1. Outer layer around roots, stems and leaves which protect underlying tissue from injury.
  2. Single layer of brick-shaped cells to regulate gaseous and water loss.
  3. Cells are transparent with no intercellular air spaces which allows sunlight through for photosynthesis.
  4. Covered with a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss.
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Name the 4 types of Ground tissue.

A
  1. Parenchyma
  2. Chlorechyma
  3. Collenchyma
  4. Sclerenchyma
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14
Q

Provide 3 structures of Parenchyma.

A
  • Thin cell walls
  • Large intercellular air spaces
  • Large vacuoles
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15
Q

Give 2 functions of Parenchyma.

A
  • Stores food and water
  • Allows for gaseous exchange and water movement.
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16
Q

Provide 1 structure of Chlorenchyma.

A

Specialised parenchyma with chloroplasts

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17
Q

Give 1 function of Chlorenchyma.

A

Photosynthesis

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18
Q

Provide 1 structure of Collenchyma.

A

Cell walls thickened in corners.

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19
Q

Give 1 function of Collenchyma.

A

Structure and support (bending)

20
Q

Provide 3 structures of Sclerenchyma.

A
  • Thick cell walls made of lignin
  • Cells are dead and hollow
  • Fibres and sclereids
21
Q

Give 1 function of Sclerenchyma.

A

Structure and support (no bending)

22
Q

Name the 2 Vascular tissues.

A

Xylem and Phloem

23
Q

Give 3 structures of the Xylem suited to it’s function.

A
  1. Cell walls thickened by lignin for strengthening and support.
  2. Perforation plates for easy transport of water.
  3. Walls of vessels and tracheids with pits for lateral transport.
24
Q

Give 3 structures of the Phloem suited to it’s function

A
  1. Living, elongated cells without thickened walls to transport organic substances from leaves to rest of plant.
  2. Sieve tubes and Companion cells to support sieve tubes.
  3. End walls of sieve tubes with sieve plates to form continuous plates for easy transport.
25
Q

Provide 5 functions of the Root.

A
  • Anchorage
  • Support
  • Storage
  • Transport
  • Reproduction
26
Q

What 4 things does the External structure of the root consist of?

A
  • Root cap
  • Meristematic region
  • Region of elongation
  • Mature region
27
Q

Give 2 functions of the Root cap.

A
  • Protects meristem
  • Helps root tip slide through soil easily
28
Q

Give the function of the Meristematic region.

A

Active cell division

29
Q

Give the function of the Region of elongation.

A

Where root grows longer.

30
Q

Give 2 functions of the Mature region.

A
  • Many root hairs to increase surface area for water dispersion.
  • Lateral roots and fully differentiated tissues.
31
Q

What 3 things does the Internal structure of the root consist of?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Cortex
  • Central cylinder
32
Q

What is the Epidermis in terms of the Root?

A
  • Outer layer of root
  • Contains root hairs
33
Q

What is the Cortex in terms of the Root?

A
  • Parenchyma cells with large intercellular air spaces.
  • Innermost layer consists of a single layer of endodermis cells.
  • Endodermis wall contains Casparian strips
34
Q

What is the Central Cylinder of the Root?

A
  • Upper endodermis there is thin-walled cells called pericycle.
  • Inside of pericycle is xylem and phloem.
35
Q

Provide 5 functions of the Stem.

A
  • Transport
  • Storage
  • Anchorage
  • Protection
  • Photosynthesis
36
Q

What does the Internal structure of a stem consist of?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Cortex
  • Central cylinder
37
Q

What is the Epidermis in terms of the Stem?

A
  • Outer layer of stem
38
Q

What is the Cortex in terms of the Stem?

A

Collenchyma, Parenchyma and Endodermis.

39
Q

What is the Central Cylinder in terms of the Stem?

A
  • Xylem and Phloem in vascular bundles.
  • Cambium makes secondary thickening possible.
  • Central region is pith of parenchyma cells.
  • Xylem on inside, Phloem on outside.
40
Q

Provide 3 functions of the Leaf.

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Transpiration
  • Gaseous exchange
41
Q

What does the Leaf consist of?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Mesophyll
  • Vascular bundles
42
Q

Give 4 structures of the Epidermis suited to it’s function in a Leaf.

A
  1. Covers upper and lower surfaces to protect underlying tissue.
  2. Transparent to allow light through for photosynthesis.
  3. Waxy cuticle to reduce excessive moisture loss.
  4. Stomata for gaseous exchange and transpiration.
43
Q

Give 3 structures and functions of Palisade cells in Mesophyll in a Leaf.

A
  • Cell walls are thin for easy diffusion.
  • Alot of chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis.
  • Elongated cells under upper epidermis for deep penetration of light.
44
Q

Give 2 structures and functions of Spongy cells in Mesophyll in a Leaf.

A
  • Many chloroplasts
  • Parenchyma with large intercellular air spaces responsible for photosynthesis an gaseous exchange.
45
Q

Give the structure of a Vascular bundle in a Leaf.

A

Xylem and Phloem

46
Q

Give 2 functions of the Vascular bundle in a Leaf.

A
  • Xylem transports water and dissolved mineral salts to mesophyll cells.
  • Phloem transports organic nutrients to other parts of plant.

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