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Bio > 1. Chemistry of life > Flashcards

1. Chemistry of life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the monomer of lipids?

A

1 Glycerol and 3 Fatty acids

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2
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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4
Q

What are the 2 Inorganic compounds?

A

Water and Mineral Salts

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5
Q

Give 4 examples of Organic compounds

A

Vitamins, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

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6
Q

List 3 ways in which water is used

A

-As a solvent
-In reproduction
-For temperature control
-For transport of substances

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7
Q

Give the definition of a macro mineral

A

needed in large quantities by organisms

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8
Q

Give the definition of a micro mineral

A

needed in minute quantities by organisms

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9
Q

What is the function of Sodium

A

-Maintenance of water balance in the body
-Normal functioning of nerves and muscles

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10
Q

Give 2 Sodium defiency’s

A

-Fatigue
-thirst
-lethargy
-muscle cramps

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11
Q

What is the function of Potassium?

A

Normal functioning of nerves and muscles

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12
Q

Give 3 Potassium defiency’s

A

-paralysis
-muscle weakness
-abnormal heart rhythm

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13
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A

Normal formation of bones and teeth

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14
Q

Give the defiency of calcium

A

-Rickets(children)
-Osteoporosis(adults)

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15
Q

What is the function of phosphorus?

A

-normal formation of bones and teeth
-production of DNA and RNA
-growth and maintenance of tissue and cells

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16
Q

Give 3 defiencies of phosphorus

A

-Anorexia
-Anaemia
-Rickets
-Increased infection

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17
Q

What are the elements of macro minerals?

A

-Sodium
-Calcium
-Potassium
-Phosphorus

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18
Q

What are the elements of micro minerals?

A

-Iron
-Iodine

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19
Q

What is the function of Iron?

A

required for synthesis of hemoglobin

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20
Q

What is the defiency of Iron?

A

Anaemia

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21
Q

What is the function of Iodine?

A

-component of thyroxin(hormone secreted by thyroid gland)
-regulates your metabolism

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22
Q

What is the defiency for Iodine?

A

Goitre

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23
Q

Explain Eutrophication

A

-Overabundance of nitrates and phosphates in water
-Algal bloom=excessive growth of algae
-Prevents sunlight from reaching aquatic plants
-Algae and plants die
-Decomposition depletes oxygen from the water
-Causes death of other aquatic organisms

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24
Q

What are organic compounds made up of?

A

-Carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-sometimes nitrogen,Sulphur, phosphorus

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25
Q

What is used when testing for glucose?

A

Benedicts solution

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26
Q

What is the colour change when glucose is present?

A

the blue Benedicts solution turns brick red

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27
Q

What is used when testing for starch?

A

Iodine

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28
Q

What is the colour change when starch is present?

A

yellow-brown iodine solution turns brick red

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29
Q

What is used when testing for protein?

A

Biuret test- copper sulphate(CuSO4) and sodium hydroxide(NaOH)

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30
Q

What is the colour change when protein is present?

A

blue solution turns purple/violet

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31
Q

What is used when testing for lipids?

A

ethanol or ether

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32
Q

What change occurs when lipids are present?

A

a translucent mark is left on the filter paper

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33
Q

What are the elements of carbohydrates?

A

oxygen, hydrogen and carbon

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34
Q

What are the elements of lipids?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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35
Q

What are the elements of proteins?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (sometimes sulphate, iron, phosphorus)

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36
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

-store energy
-provide energy
-provide structure and protection

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37
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

-provide structure
-absorb nutrients
-provide insulation
-protect organs
-waterproofing

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38
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

-store energy
-allow movement
-provide protection as antibodies
-source of amino acids
-provide structure and support

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39
Q

Give the 3 types of carbohydrates

A

-Monosaccharides
-Disaccharides
-Polysaccharides

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40
Q

Provide the amount of sugar molecules each type of carbohydrate contains

A

Monosaccharides: single
Disaccharides: two
Polysaccharides: many

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41
Q

Provide examples for each type of Carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharide:glucose, fructose
Disaccharides:maltose, sucrose
Polysaccharide:starch, glycogen, cellulose

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42
Q

What are the 2 molecules of lipids?

A

Saturated and Unsaturated

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43
Q

Give the characteristics of saturated lipids

A

-solids at room temperature
-fats from animals
-single bond between atoms

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44
Q

Give the characteristics of unsaturated lipids

A

-liquids at room temperature
-oils from plants and fish
-double bonds between atoms

45
Q

Provide 2 examples of both saturated and unsaturated lipids

A

Saturated: lard, butter
Unsaturated: olive oil, avo oil, margarine

46
Q

Provide the definition of cholesterol

A

Lipid made and used by the body to keep healthy

47
Q

Name the 2 types of lipids

A
  • Low-density lipo-protein (LDL)
  • High-density lipo-protein (HDL)
48
Q

What sickness is developed when plaque makes arteries narrow and hard?

A

atherosclerosis

49
Q

What does HDL do?

A

-slows down plaque build-up
-prevents a heart attack by carrying cholesterol away from the heart to the liver for excretion.

50
Q

What are Triglycerides?

A

Fat made in the body

51
Q

What are high levels of Triglycerides caused by?

A

-being overweight
-smoking
-no exercise
-high carb diet
-too much alcohol

52
Q

What are the names of the 2 protein defiencies?

A

kwashiorkor and marasmus

53
Q

What factors affect protein structure (denaturation)

A

-High temperature
-extreme acidity/alkalinity
-high salt concentration

54
Q

What is the definition of an enzyme?

A

Modified protein which activates/speeds up chemical reactions

55
Q

List 4 properties of enzymes

A

-substrate specific
-has optimum temp. and pH conditions
-not used up or destroyed during the reaction
-may change shape during a reaction, but not permanently
-break down/synthesise(build) molecules

56
Q

What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?

A

+/- 35°C

57
Q

What happens to an enzyme when temperature is higher than 40°C

A

The enzyme starts denaturing

58
Q

What happens to an enzyme if the temperature is below 5°C

A

the enzyme is inactive

59
Q

What substance breaks fat down into Glycerol and Fatty acids?

A

lipase

60
Q

What substance breaks protein down into amino acids?

A

protease

61
Q

What substance breaks starch down into sugars

A

amylase

62
Q

What are the 3 functions of enzymes?

A

-perform anabolic or catabolic reactions
-control specific reactions
-acts as catalysts by lowering the activation energy of reactions.

63
Q

Provide 3 examples of enzymes in everyday life.

A

-In washing powders to break down molecules.
-Amylases break down starches.
-Proteases break down protein. (blood, egg, gravy)

64
Q

Provide the chemical equation for catalase breaking hydrogen peroxide downbto form oxygen, gas and water.

A

2H2O2 - - > O2+2H2O

65
Q

What are the elements of nucleic acids?

A

C, H, O, N and P

66
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

67
Q

What doe nucleotides consist of?

A

Pentose sugar, Phosphate molecule and nitrogenous base

68
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

69
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

70
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus

71
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Stores info as genes to make proteins

72
Q

Where is RNA found?

A

In the nucleus and on ribosomes

73
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Helps to make proteins from amino acids.

74
Q

Connect the bases of DNA

A

Adenine-Thymine
Guanine-Cytosine
Thymine-Adenine
Cytosine-Guanine

75
Q

What are the bases of RNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil

76
Q

What pentose sugar does DNA and RNA contain?

A

DNA: Deoxyribose
RNA: Ribose

77
Q

How many strands does DNA and RNA have?

A

DNA: Double stranded(double helix)
RNA: Single stranded

78
Q

Provide the definition of DNA replication.

A

Process during which a DNA molecule makes an exact copy of itself.

79
Q

When does DNA replication take place?

A

during the interphase of the cell cycle

80
Q

Provide the definition of protein synthesis.

A

Process by which proteins are manufactured in the ribosomes of the cell.

81
Q

What does DNA do in protein synthesis?

A

Carries the code for the sequence of amino acids.

82
Q

What does RNA do in protein synthesis?

A

facilitates the process of forming the protein.

83
Q

What 2 processes are involved in protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and Translation

84
Q

Where does Transcription take place?

A

In the nucleus

85
Q

Where does Translation take place?

A

At the ribosomes.

86
Q

What happens during Transcription?

A

mRNA copies the message from DNA and takes it to the ribosomes.

87
Q

What happens during Translation?

A

tRNA transfers amino acids which join to form a protein.

88
Q

What is the function of Vitamins?

A

Helps control metabolic reactions

89
Q

What is the function of Vitamin A?

A

Night vision, boosts immune system

90
Q

Provide a Vitamin A defiency

A

Nightblindness

91
Q

What are sources of Vitamin A?

A

fish oil, dairy products, yellow vegetables

92
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B?

A

boosts immune system, red blood cell formation

93
Q

Provide a Vitamin B defiency.

A

Beri-Beri and Pellagra

94
Q

What are sources of Vitamin B?

A

Legumes, nuts, liver, cereals

95
Q

What is the function of Vitamin C?

A

boosts immune system, antioxidant and wound-healing.

96
Q

Provide a defiency for Vitamin C

A

Scurvy, prone to infections

97
Q

What are sources of Vitamin C?

A

citrus fruit, tomatoes, strawberries

98
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D?

A

blood pressure, regulation of bone growth.

99
Q

Provide a defiency for Vitamin D

A

Rickets

100
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin D?

A

liver, egg yolk, dairy, made in skin using sunlight

101
Q

What is the function of Vitamin E?

A

antioxidant, boost immune system

102
Q

Provide a defiency for Vitamin E

A

immune system disorders

103
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin E?

A

pumpkin, peanuts, spinach, sunflower seeds

104
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

All the different food groups in the proportions and ratios.

105
Q

Provide the definition of a peptide link

A

bond between amino acids

106
Q

Provide the definition of an active site.

A

Part of the enzyme that the substrate molecule fits into.

107
Q

Provide the definition of a substrate.

A

substance in which an enzyme acts upon.

108
Q

Provide the definition of an anabolic reaction

A

type of reaction when a simple molecule is built up to a complex molecule.

109
Q

Provide the definition of a catabolic reaction.

A

type of reaction when a complex molecule is broken down into a simpler molecule

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