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General Physiology > 8 Skeletal System (X) > Flashcards

8 Skeletal System (X) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the skeletal system? (5)

A
  • Support
  • protection
  • movement
  • mineral depot
  • blood synthesis
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2
Q

What are the types of skeletons? (2)

A
  • Hydrostatic skeleton
  • rigid skeleton (exoskeleton, endoskeleton)
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3
Q

A type of skeleton that supports body form and provides resistance for muscle contraction.

A

hydrostatic skeleton

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4
Q

What is the source of a hydrostatic skeleton?

A

Some organisms use a:
- fluid-filled gastrovascular cavity
- fluid-filled coelom

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5
Q

How do earthworm muscles function without a firm base? How do earthworms move?

A

1) They contract against incompressible coelomic fluids in a limited space.
2) By alternate contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles, creating waves that propel them forward.

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6
Q

Structures like hydrostatic skeletons, composed of incompressible tissues with constant volume and complex muscle arrangements.

A

muscular hydrostats

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7
Q

A type of skeleton that consist of rigid elements, usually jointed, provide muscle attachment.

A

rigid skeletons

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8
Q

What are the two principal types of rigid skeletons? (2)

A
  • Exoskeleton
  • endoskeleton
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9
Q

A principal type of rigid skeletons that functions for protection and locomotion.

A

exoskeleton

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10
Q

The exoskeleton of molluscs and arthropods are composed of?

A
  • molluscs - caclium carbonate
  • arthropods - chitin
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11
Q

A principal type of rigid skeletons that function as support, protection, and reservoir for calcium and phosphorus. It grows with the animal, does not limit internal organ space, supports greater weight.

A

endoskeleton

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12
Q

Where are endoskeletons found? (2)

A
  • echinoderms
  • vertebrates.
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13
Q

What materials make up an endoskeleton?

A

mineralized bone and cartilage

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14
Q

A semi-rigid supportive axial rod in protochordates and all vertebrate larvae and embryos. Large, vacuolated cells surrounded by elastic and fibrous sheaths.

A

notochord

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15
Q

What is the function of the notochord?

A

Acts as a stiffening device.

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16
Q

What happens to the notochord in vertebrates during development?

A

surrounded or replaced by the backbone

  • except in jawless vertebrates
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17
Q

A soft, pliable tissue that resists compression and serves as a major skeletal element in some vertebrates.

A

cartilage

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18
Q

Which vertebrates have a purely cartilaginous skeleton? (2)

A
  • Jawless vertebrates
  • elasmobranchs (like sharks)
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19
Q

Hyaline or fibrocartilage with calcium salts deposited within the interstitial substance.

A

calcified cartilage

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20
Q

Where is calcified cartilage found? (3)

A
  • jaws of sharks
  • radula of gastropods
  • cephalopod mollusks.
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21
Q

A living tissue with significant deposits of calcium salts in the extracellular matrix.

A

bone

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22
Q

Types of Bones Based on Density (2)

A
  1. compact (osteon) bone
  2. spongy (cancellous) bone
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23
Q

Dense bone with layers of mineralized collagenous bundles arranged around a Haversian canal containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

A

compact (osteon) bone

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24
Q

An open, interlacing framework of bony tissue with marrow cavities lined by endosteum.

A

spongy (cancellous) bone

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25
Q

Rigid frameworks in spongy bone that provide maximum strength at stress points.

A

trabeculae

26
Q

Connective tissue fibers that support blood vessels, nerve fibers, and adipose tissue (yellow marrow).

A

bone marrow

27
Q

It contains hemopoietic tissue that produces red blood cells (RBCs) and some white blood cells (WBCs).

A

red marrow

28
Q

A thin connective tissue lining the marrow cavity, involved in calcium deposition and bone remodeling.

A

endosteum

29
Q

In early bone development, they act as models for future bones, where calcium salts are deposited to form the bone matrix.

A

cartilage structures

30
Q

A process where cartilage is replaced by bone during development.

A

endochondral ossification

31
Q

They break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit calcium in the blood.

A

osteoclasts

32
Q

What hormones increases and decreases osteoclast activity to release calcium?

A
  • increase: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • decrease: Calcitonin
33
Q

They work with osteoblasts to repair and renew bone tissue.

A

osteoclasts

34
Q

They are bone-forming cells responsible for building new bone tissue.

A

osteoblasts

35
Q

A hormone that inhibits bone resorption to help reduce calcium levels in the blood.

A

Calcitonin

36
Q

A hormone that stimulates bone resorption to increase calcium levels in the blood. It helps maintain constant calcium levels in the blood.

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

37
Q

It helps maintain constant calcium levels in the blood, supporting bone mineralization.

A

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

38
Q

The process of bone resorption and replacement, which accommodates brain growth or responds to mechanical stress.

A

skeletal remodeling

39
Q

What are the two main divisions of the vertebrate skeleton? (2)

A
  • axial skeleton
  • appendicular skeleton
40
Q

What does the axial skeleton include? (4)

A
  • skull
  • vertebral column
  • sternum
  • ribs
41
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton include? (5)

A
  • Limbs
  • fins
  • wings
  • pectoral girdle
  • pelvic girdle
42
Q

The human skeleton supports and protects the body, permits movement, provides a foundation for muscles, stores __ and __ions, and produces __ in certain bones.

A
  • calcium; phosphate
  • red blood cells (RBCs)
43
Q

Protects the brain and house sensory organs.

A

skull

44
Q

Support the head and trunk, protect the spinal cord, and protect the roots of spinal nerves.

A

vertebral column

45
Q

What are the segments of the vertebral column from superior to inferior? (5)

A
  • 5 Cervical vertebrae (neck)
  • 12Thoracic vertebrae (chest)
  • 5 Lumbar vertebrae (small of back)
  • Sacral (5 fused sacrum/pelvic)
  • Coccyx (tailbone)
46
Q

Protect the heart and lungs and assist with breathing.

A

rib cage

47
Q

What provides support for the rib cage?

A

thoracic vertebrae

48
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there in the human rib cage?

A

12 pairs

49
Q

What are true ribs, and how many pairs are there?

A

Ribs that connect directly to the sternum, with seven pairs.

50
Q

What are false ribs, and how many pairs are there?

A

Ribs that do not connect directly to the sternum, with five pairs.

51
Q

Ribs that do not connect to any bony or cartilaginous structure ventrally.

A

floating ribs

52
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton in human consist of? (3)

A

bones within
- pectoral girdles
- pelvic girdles
- attached limbs

53
Q

What bones make up the pectoral girdle, and what does it support?

A

bones of the shoulder, supporting the arms and hands; located anteriorly.

54
Q

What bones make up the pelvic girdle, and what does it support?

A

The bones of the pelvis, supporting the legs and feet; located posteriorly.

55
Q

A site where two bones or cartilage meet.

A

arthrosis

56
Q

What are the kinds of arthrosis?

A
  1. Diarthrosis (Synovial Joint)
  2. Amphiarthrosis (Cartilaginous Joint)
  3. Synarthrosis (Fibrous Joint)
57
Q

A freely movable joint in one or more planes, with articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage and enclosed in a fibrous capsule lined by a synovial membrane that secretes lubricating fluid.

A

Diarthrosis (Synovial Joint)

58
Q

Give an example of a diarthrosis joint.

A

Knee and elbow joints in mammals.

59
Q

A joint where fibrocartilage unites the components, has a fibrous joint capsule, no synovial membrane, and permits limited movement. Ex. The joint between the centra of mammalian vertebrae.

A

Amphiarthrosis (Cartilaginous Joint)

60
Q

An immovable joint where bones are joined by an irregular, jagged suture. Can be found in the roof of the skull (sutured joint)

A

Synarthrosis (Fibrous Joint)

61
Q

irregular jagged seam at the junction of two bones that renders the joint immovable; roof of the skull

A

suture

General Physiology (15 decks)

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