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General Physiology > 5 The Skeletal System > Flashcards

5 The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skeletal system (5)

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. movement
  4. mineral storage
  5. blood cell formation “hematopoiesis”
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2
Q

What internal organs and fragile body parts does the skeletal system protect? (4 examples)

A
  • heart
  • lungs
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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3
Q

Bones act as __ for muscles, allowing movement.

A

levers

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4
Q

What minerals are stored in the skeletal system? (2)

A
  • calcium
  • phosphate
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5
Q

the formation of blood cells, which occurs in certain bones of the skeletal system.

A

Hematopoiesis

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6
Q

Two main parts of a long bone (2)

A
  • diaphysis
  • epiphysis
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7
Q

It is the shaft of the bone, composed primarily of compact bone.

A

diaphysis

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8
Q

The ends of the bone, mainly made up of spongy bone.

A

epiphysis

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9
Q

Bone cells that aid in remodeling (3)

A
  • Osteoblast - Builds new bone
  • Osteocyte - mature bone cell
  • Osteoclast - Eats bone
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10
Q

What happens when blood calcium levels are too high?

A

Cells in the thyroid gland sense the increase, releasing calcitonin, which prompts osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bones, returning blood calcium levels to normal.

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11
Q

What is the response when blood calcium levels are too low?

A

Cells in the parathyroid gland release parathyroid hormone, signaling osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium, normalizing blood calcium levels.

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12
Q

What is the primary composition of the skeleton in embryos?

A

hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

Which areas retain cartilage in adults? (5)

A

isolated areas such as:
- the bridge of the nose
- parts of the ribs
- joints
- ears
- trachea

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14
Q

It is the process where cartilage is gradually replaced by bone during development.

A

endochondral ossification

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15
Q

How does the circumference of a bone increase? (Appositional Bone Growth)

A

Osteoblasts deposit new bone (osteoid) beneath the periosteum on the surface, while osteoclasts dissolve/degrade bone tissue in the interior to create space for the marrow cavity.

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16
Q

What are the four regions of the epiphyseal plate involved in bone lengthening? (4)

A

1) “Resting” cartilage cells
2) Zone of proliferation (New cartilage cells are produced, increasing the bone’s length)
3) Zone of hypertrophy (increase growth and enlargement; decrease of epiphyseal plate/cartilage cells)
4) Zone of calcification (complete use of epiphyseal plate)

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17
Q

It is the process where membranous tissue is transformed directly into bone, mainly forming flat bones like those in the skull, face, and clavicles.

A

intramembranous ossification

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18
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification primarily occur? (3)

A

flat bones of the
- skull
- face
- clavicles

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19
Q

Key Steps in Intramembranous Ossification (4)

A

1) Mesenchymal Cell Clusters
2) Formation of Osteoid and Osteocytes
3) Formation of Trabecular Matrix and Periosteum
4) Formation of Compact Bone and Red Bone Marrow

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20
Q

In intramembranous ossification, they gather into clusters and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming ossification centers.

A

mesenchymal cells

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21
Q

In intramembranous ossification, mesenchymal cells gather into clusters and differentiate into __, forming __.

A
  • osteoblasts
  • ossification centers
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22
Q

In intramembranous ossification, what do osteoblasts secrete, and what does it become after calcification?

A
  • osteoid
  • calcifies into bone tissue, entrapping osteoblasts
  • osteoid transporms into osteocytes
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23
Q

In intramembranous ossification, __ secrete osteoid, which calcifies into bone tissue, entrapping __ and transforming them into osteocytes.

A
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoblasts
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24
Q

In intramembranous ossification, what forms around capillaries to create spongy bone? What develops it?

A
  • clusters of osteoid unite to form a trabecular matrix;
  • and the periosteum develops around it.
25
Q

In intramembranous ossification, the __ secretes compact bone around the __, and __ condense into red bone marrow.

A
  • periosteum
  • spongy bone
  • blood vessels
26
Q

How does the balance between ossification and resorption change with age? (childhood, adulthood, and late adulthood)

A
  • Childhood: faster than resorption, increasing bone size.
  • Adulthood: balanced, maintaining constant bone size.
  • Late Adulthood: Resorption exceeds ossification, leading to bone loss and potentially osteoporosis.
27
Q

A break in the bone

A

fracture

28
Q

A break in the bone where the bone penetrates through the skin, increasing the risk of infection.

A

open (compound) fracture

29
Q

A break in the bone that does not penetrate the skin.

A

closed (simple) fracture

30
Q

What are the primary treatments for bone fractures? (2)

A
  • Reduction (realignment of the bone)
  • immobilization
31
Q

A fracture where the bone breaks into several pieces; common in the aged due to brittle bones.

A

comminuted fracture

32
Q

A fracture where the bone is crushed; often occurs in porous bones, such as those affected by osteoporosis.

A

compression fracture

33
Q

A fracture where part of the bone is pressed inward, typical in skull fractures.

A

depressed fracture

34
Q

A fracture where the broken bone ends are forced into each other, often occurring in falls where the person tries to catch themselves.

A

impacted fracture

35
Q

A fracture caused by twisting forces, common in sports injuries.

A

spiral fracture

36
Q

A partial fracture where the bone bends and cracks, common in children whose bones are more flexible.

A

greenstick fracture

37
Q

Stages in the healing of a bone fracture: (4)

A
  1. hematoma formation
  2. fibrocartilage callus formation
  3. bony callus formation
  4. bone remodelling
38
Q

Stages in the healing of a bone fracture:
1) Hematoma formation : Blood vessels break, and a hematoma (__) forms around the fracture site.
2) fibrocartilage callus formation : New capillaries grow, and a soft callus made of __ and __ forms to bridge the broken bone ends.
3) bony callus formation : The __ is gradually replaced by a hard (bony) callus made of __, stabilizing the fracture.
4) bony callus remodeling : The bony callus is remodeled into a strong, permanent bone structure, restoring the bone’s original shape.

A
  • blood clot
  • collagen; cartilage
  • soft callus
  • spongy bone
39
Q

cells responsible for cartilage formation, and they are crucial for the process of endochondral ossification, which is useful for bone development.

A

chondrocytes

40
Q

What hypersecreted hormone leads to premature cessation of chondrocyte transformation to bone in the epiphysis, affecting bone growth?

A

growth hormone

41
Q

What conditions result from hypersecretion of growth hormone? (2)

A
  • gigantism (in youth)
  • acromegaly (in adults)
42
Q

What overactivated hormone leads to bones becoming fragile, prone to spontaneous fractures, and may develop cysts, a condition called osteitis fibrosa cystica.

A

Parathormone

43
Q

Parathormone overactivity may develop a condition called…

A

osteitis fibrosa cystica

44
Q

In bone development in young individuals, a deficiency of this hormone causes delayed or increased ossification, leading to softer bones.

A

thyroxine

45
Q

This hormone stimulates osteoblastic activity, promoting bone formation.

A

Estrogen

46
Q

How does estrogen deficiency after menopause affect bones?

A

can lead to osteoporosis (due to decreased osteoblastic activity)

47
Q

In childbirth, small pelvis measurements may require a __, while average measurements can allow for __ with head molding.

A
  • cesarean section
  • natural delivery
48
Q

In childbirth, it involves using forceps to assist delivery, but it carries a risk of damaging the motor cortex, potentially causing spasticity in the child.

A

Instrumental delivery

49
Q

Give examples of diseases and conditions of the skeletal system (7)

A
  • arthritis
  • carpal tunnel syndrome
  • osteoporosis
  • scoliosis
  • kyphysis
  • lordosis
  • herniated disk
50
Q
  • a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune disease that mostly affects joints.
  • occurs when the immune system, which normally helps protect the body from infection and disease, attacks its own tissues.
  • A condition that usually affects joints symmetrically (on both sides equally), often starting in a few joints and frequently affecting wrists, hands, elbows, shoulders, knees, and ankles.
A

rheumatoid arthritis

51
Q

What syndrome causes sweelling or positional changes of tissue within the carpal tunnel, squeezing and irritating the median nerve, leading to tingling and numbness in the thumb, index, and middle fingers?

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

52
Q

Osteoporosis means

A

porous bones

53
Q

Risk factors include being female (decreased estrogen after menopause), small frame, Caucasian or Asian ethnicity, lack of weight-bearing exercise, poor diet in calcium and protein, abnormal vitamin D receptors, smoking, and alcohol consumption. What disease?

A

Osteoporosis

54
Q

This is an abnormal curvature of the spine, often genetic. __ are more likely than __ to have severe scoliosis, and __ can result from childhood conditions or degenerative joint conditions in the spine.

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Girls; boys
  • adult scoliosis
55
Q

an exaggerated forward curvature of the spine, sometimes causing a hump. Causes include developmental issues, spinal arthritis, osteoporosis with vertebral compression fractures, or spine trauma. It affects all age groups.

A

Kyphosis

56
Q

a curvature of the lower back vertebrae, giving a “swayback” appearance, especially noticeable in children.

A

lordosis

57
Q

occurs when the soft inner portion of an intervertebral disk protrudes into the vertebral canal, pressing on the spinal cord.

A

herniated disk

58
Q

a surgical operation to correct herniated disk.

A

laminectomy

59
Q

a surgical procedure that removes part or all of the lamina, the roof of the spinal canal, to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves

A

laminectomy

General Physiology (15 decks)

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