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General Physiology > 1.1 Introduction to General Physiology > Flashcards

1.1 Introduction to General Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the biological functions of organs and their interrelationships.

A

Physiology

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2
Q

What does physiology focus on regarding the growth of the body?

A

the interplay of factors that affect growth, highlighting the connectedness of each aspect of the body.

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3
Q

What is a major physiological difference in how plants and animals obtain nutrients?

A

Plants are mostly producers, while animals are consumers.

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4
Q

How does the growth scheme differ between plants and animals?

A

Plants have an unlimited scheme of growth, whereas animals have limited growth.

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5
Q

How do plants and animals differ in their mobility and nutrient sourcing?

A

Plants are non-motile and rely on immediate nutrient sources, while animals can move around.

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6
Q

What is a difference in oxygen and carbon dioxide usage between plants and animals?

A

Plants use large amounts of O2 and give off CO2, while animals give off CO2 and use O2.

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7
Q

How do plants and animals differ in nitrogen conservation and waste?

A

Plants conserve nitrogen, while animals give off nitrogen as waste.

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8
Q

How do plants and animals transport fluids and food?

A

Plants use vascular tissues (xylem and phloem), while animals use the bloodstream.

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9
Q

How does growth throughout the lifetime differ between plants and animals?

A

Plants grow throughout their entire lifetime, whereas animals reach a certain stage, and growth more or less stops.

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10
Q

Who is considered the father of modern physiology?

A

The French physiologist Claude Bernard (1813-1878).

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11
Q

What key observation did Claude Bernard make about the internal environment of organisms?

A

Claude Bernard observed that the internal environment remains remarkably constant despite changing conditions in the external environment.

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12
Q

Who coined the term “homeostasis”?

A

The American physiologist Walter Cannon (1871-1945).

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13
Q

In what year did Walter Cannon coin the term “homeostasis”?

A

In 1932.

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14
Q

What does the term “homeostasis” describe?

A

Homeostasis describes the stable internal environment of an organism.

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15
Q

What is the two main themes of physiology?

A
  • Integration
  • Homeostasis
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16
Q

When and where was the 32nd Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences held?

A

In Glasgow, Scotland, on August 1-6, 1993.

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17
Q

What research levels are covered in integrative physiology?

A

range: whole body to organs, tissues, cells, organelles, and genes.

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18
Q

How has the focus of integrative physiology research evolved over time?

A

It has evolved from focusing on gene to function.

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19
Q

What role does the respiratory system play in the body?

A

The respiratory system takes in oxygen and removes waste gases.

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20
Q

How does the cardiovascular system contribute to the body’s function?

A

The cardiovascular system is responsible for delivering oxygen to all parts of the body.

21
Q

Why is it important to understand that organ systems don’t work alone?

A

Understanding that organ systems don’t work alone highlights how interconnected and interdependent they are in maintaining overall bodily functions.

22
Q

How are nutrients and oxygen distributed throughout the body?

A

by the blood

23
Q

Which systems are responsible for eliminating metabolic wastes?

A

The urinary and respiratory system

24
Q

A tissue that binds together or supports cells, other tissues, and organs.

A

connective tissue

25
Q

A tissue that contracts on stimulation to enable movement, maintain posture, and produce heat.

A

Muscle (contractile) tissue

26
Q

A tissue that conducts nerve impulses throughout the body.

A

Nerve tissue

27
Q

A tissue that covers all body surfaces, lines all cavities, forms glands, and serves as a protective barrier against the environment.

A

Epithelial tissue

28
Q

What are the major organ systems in the human body?

A
  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Circulatory
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine.
29
Q

How does homeostasis relate to external stimuli?

A

maintained despite multiple stimuli.

30
Q

What mechanism maintains homeostasis in the body?

A

maintained by negative feedback.

31
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

a state of dynamic equilibrium.

32
Q

What types of factors interact to maintain homeostasis? (3)

A

Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

33
Q

Which two systems are primarily responsible for regulating homeostasis? (2)

A

The nervous system and the endocrine system.

34
Q

What is the role of a receptor in a homeostatic control system?

A

detects changes (stimuli) in the body.

35
Q

What does the control center do in a homeostatic control system?

A

determines a set point for a normal range.

36
Q

What is the function of an effector in a homeostatic control system?

A

causes the response determined by the control center.

37
Q

A regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change.

A

Negative feedback

38
Q

What does a negative feedback mechanism do to the intensity of a stimulus?

A

decreases the intensity of the stimulus or eliminates it.

39
Q

What is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in the body? Explain.

A

Regulation of blood glucose levels

In the regulation of blood glucose levels, the stimulus is an increase or decrease in blood glucose. The receptors are the cells in the pancreas that detect these changes. When blood glucose is high, the pancreas (effector) releases insulin to lower glucose levels, while if glucose is low, it releases glucagon to raise levels. This process exemplifies negative feedback, as the response (insulin or glucagon release) works to counteract the initial stimulus, restoring blood glucose to its normal range and maintaining balance.

40
Q

What does a positive feedback mechanism do to the original stimulus?

A

enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that activity is accelerated.

41
Q

Why is it called positive feedback?

A

it results in change occurring in the same direction as the original stimulus.

42
Q

A feedback that results in change occurring in the same direction as the original stimulus.

A

Positive feedback

43
Q

What types of events are typically controlled by positive feedback mechanisms? (2)

A

Positive feedback mechanisms usually control infrequent events such as blood clotting or childbirth.

In blood clotting, a small initial clotting response triggers a cascade of events that rapidly form a larger clot to stop bleeding. Similarly, during childbirth, the release of oxytocin increases uterine contractions, which intensify until delivery is complete.

44
Q

A feedback that usually does not maintain homeostasis. It is characterized by being short in duration and infrequent.

A

Positive feedback

45
Q

What typically causes homeostatic imbalances? (3)

A
  • chills
  • fevers
  • elevated white blood counts.
46
Q

How does aging affect the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis?

A

increasing susceptibility to heat stress.

47
Q

What happens if a disturbance in homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium is not corrected?

A

Illness occurs

48
Q

What issues can arise if feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed or malfunctioning? (2)

A

Issues such as diabetes mellitus and clotting disorders can arise

General Physiology (15 decks)

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