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General Physiology > 3 Chemical Signals in Animals > Flashcards

3 Chemical Signals in Animals Flashcards

Anki: 105 Image Occlusion Cards

1
Q

Regulatory mechanism: It conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons, which regulate other cells.

A

nervous system

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2
Q

Regulatory mechanism: It secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses.

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

What processes does the endocrine system regulate? (5)

A
  • Reproduction
  • development
  • energy metabolism
  • growth
  • behavior
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4
Q

The nervous system uses __ to transmit high-speed electrical impulses along axons, enabling rapid communication between body parts.

A
  • neurons
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5
Q

Why is speed important for the nervous system? (3)

A

immediate responses such as:
- muscle contractions
- reflexes
- rapid adjustments to external stimuli.

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6
Q

What happens once the electrical signal reaches its destination? (in neurons)

A

Neurons release neurotransmitters

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7
Q

The endocrine system uses __ secreted into the __ by endocrine glands, which travel to target cells or organs.

A
  • hormones
  • bloodstream
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8
Q

Chemical signals secreted into the circulatory system that communicate regulatory messages within the body.

A

Animal hormones

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9
Q

Do hormones affect all cells in the body?

A

Hormones reach all parts of the body, but only target cells are equipped to respond.

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10
Q

Can you give an example of a process regulated by hormones? (2)

A
  • Insect metamorphosis
  • blood sugar regulation (insulin and glucagon)
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11
Q

Glands that secrete chemicals into ducts, with effects where the duct empties, such as sweat glands for evaporative cooling.

A

exocrine glands

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12
Q

Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which are distributed throughout the body and bind to specific hormone receptors.

A

endocrine glands

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13
Q

What are some examples of exocrine products? (5)

A
  • Mucus
  • perspiration
  • oil
  • wax
  • digestive enzymes
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14
Q

How is human development regulated?

A

By various signaling pathways.

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15
Q

What activates signaling pathways?

A

Specific chemical signaling molecules

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16
Q

How do hormones and other signaling molecules affect target cells?

A

binding to target receptors - triggers specific response pathways

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17
Q

Where do chemical signals bind in target cells?

A

receptor proteins

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18
Q

Signaling pathway: It regulates cell fate and direct cell-to-cell communication.

A

Notch signaling pathway

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19
Q

Signaling pathway: Tissue patterning and organ development.

A

Hedgehog signaling pathway

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20
Q

Signaling pathway: It regulates gene expression and cell proliferation.

A

Canonical Wnt signaling pathway

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21
Q

Signaling pathway: It governs cell movement and polarity.

A

Non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway

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22
Q

Enumerate the intracellular communication (signaling) (3) with their subtypes (6):

A

a) Endocrine Signaling
1. Neuroendocrine Signaling

b) Paracrine Signaling
1. Autocrine Signaling
2. Synaptic Signaling

c) Direct Signaling
1. juxtacrine
2. gap junctions
3. plasmodesmata

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23
Q

A type of signaling where hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel to distant target cells. Relatively slow

A

endocrine signaling

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24
Q

A type of signaling where neurohormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel to distant target cells and trigger responses

A

neuroendocrine signaling

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25
Q

Signaling where cells release chemical signals that affect nearby target cells.
- secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells. Quick response.

A

Paracrine signaling

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26
Q

A form of paracrine signaling where the signaling cell also responds to its signals.
- secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them

A

Autocrine signaling

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27
Q

A type of signaling where neurons release neurotransmitters into synapses to communicate with adjacent cells.

A

Synaptic signaling

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28
Q

Signaling where cells communicate directly through physical contact, such as via gap junctions or surface receptors.

A

Direct signaling

29
Q

What are some types of secreted chemical signals/signaling molecules? (5)

A
  • Local regulators
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Neurohormones
  • Pheromones
  • Hormones
30
Q

Chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion and help regulate functions such as blood pressure, nervous system activity, and reproduction.

A

Local regulators

31
Q

What are the two types of local regulators? (2)

A
  • Paracrine signals: Act on cells near the secreting cell.
  • Autocrine signals: Act on the secreting cell itself.
32
Q

Proteins and polypeptides that stimulate cell proliferation.

A

Growth factors

33
Q

Molecules that play a role in immune responses.

A

Cytokines

34
Q
  • Acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted by neurons.
  • Kills bacteria and cancer cells when secreted by white blood cells (WBCs).
  • Dilates the walls of blood vessels when secreted by endothelial cells.
A

nitric oxide (NO)

35
Q

Nitric oxide (NO)
- Acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted by __.
- Kills bacteria and cancer cells when secreted by __.
- Dilates the walls of blood vessels when secreted by __.

A
  • neurons
  • white blood cells (WBCs)
  • endothelial cells
36
Q

Modified fatty acids that:
- Stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth when secreted by the placenta.
- Promote fever and inflammation, and intensify the sensation of pain.
- Regulate the aggregation of platelets, an early step in blood clot formation.

A

Prostaglandins (PGs)

37
Q

Prostaglandins are modified __ that:
- Stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth when secreted by the __.
- Promote __ and __, and intensify the sensation of __.
- Regulate the aggregation of __, an early step in blood clot formation.

A
  • fatty acids
  • placenta
  • fever; inflammation; pain
  • platelets
38
Q

Nitric oxide (NO) play in the mechanism of erection: NO is released in the __ during sexual stimulation, leading to increased blood flow and erection.

A
  • corpus cavernosum
39
Q

Sildenafil (Viagra) effect on nitric oxide (NO): It inhibits __, which is responsible for degrading __ (second messenger molecule that modulates various downstream effects) in the __, thereby __ the effect of NO.

A
  • phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)
  • cGMP
  • corpus cavernosum
  • prolonging
40
Q
  • Chemical signals secreted by neurons at synapses.
  • They diffuse a very short distance and bind to receptors on target cells.
  • They are involved in sensation, memory, cognition, and movement.
A

neurotransmitters

41
Q

A neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

42
Q
  • Chemical signals secreted by neurosecretory cells.
  • They diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream.
A

Neurohormones

43
Q
  • It increases water permeability of the kidney’s collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction.
  • helps the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body.
A

ADH (vasopressin)/antidiuretic hormone)

44
Q

the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls.

A

vasoconstriction

45
Q

Chemical signals released from the body to communicate with other individuals of the same species.

A

Pheromones

46
Q

What are some functions of pheromones? (4)

A
  • Marking trails leading to food
  • Defining territories
  • Warning of predators
  • Attracting potential mates
47
Q

Chemicals that transfer information and instructions between cells in animals and plants.

A

Hormones

48
Q

What roles do hormones play in the body? (4)

A
  • Regulate growth and development
  • Control the function of various tissues
  • Support reproductive functions
  • Regulate metabolism
49
Q

How would you describe the action of hormones?

A

Hormones are slow-acting but long-lasting.

50
Q

Why might the same hormone have different effects on target cells? (3)

A
  • Different receptors for the hormone
  • Different signal transduction pathways
  • Different proteins for carrying out the response
51
Q

Can a hormone have different effects in different species?

A

Yes

52
Q

What are the three major classes of hormones in vertebrates? (3)

A
  • Polypeptides: Proteins and peptides
  • Amines: Derived from amino acids
  • Steroid hormones
53
Q

Which classes of hormones are water-soluble?

A

Polypeptides and amines (some are lipid-soluble)

54
Q

Which classes of hormones are lipid-soluble? (2)

Give 3 examples of this class of hormone

A
  • Steroid hormones
  • largely non-polar hormones.

Examples: cortisol, testosterone, progesterone

55
Q

Give three (3) examples of autocrine regulators

A

1) Interleukin (cytokines) - regulation of immune system
2) Neurotrophins - regeneration of peripheral nerves (can be a paracrine regulator)
3) Prostaglandins - inflammatory responses and as mediators of pain

56
Q

Give an example of paracrine regulator

A

** Nitric Oxide (NO)** - dilation of blood vessels; neural messenger; antibacterial agent

57
Q

They are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors–in the plasma membranes of the target cells.

A

water-soluble hormones

58
Q
  • A water-soluble hormone that mediates multiple effects to help the body respond to short-term stress.
  • It binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of liver cells.
  • Then, it triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes, resulting in the release of glucose into the bloodstream.
  • both a neurotransmitter and a hormone, but it acts mainly as a hormone.
A

epinephrine (adrenaline)

59
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones bind to __ and diffuse through the __ of target cells (due to their ability to pass through the lipid bilayer)

A
  • transport proteins
  • cell membrane
60
Q

Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones: The hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds to a receptor inside the cell, either in the __ or __.
- A __ forms, which then moves into the nucleus.
- The __ part of the complex acts as a transcriptional regulator of specific target genes.

A
  • cytoplasm (cytosolic receptor)
  • nucleus (nuclear receptor)
  • hormone-receptor complex
  • receptor
61
Q

Key events in hormone signaling (4)

A
  • reception
  • signal transduction
  • amplification
  • response
62
Q

What is the first key event in hormone signaling? Where there’s detection of a signal in the environment.

A

Reception

63
Q

A key event in hormone signaling that activates a series of proteins inside the cell.

A

Signal transduction

64
Q

Key event in hormone signaling: A single hormone molecule activates multiple intracellular signaling molecules, resulting in a significant enhancement of the cellular response.

A

Amplification

65
Q

What is the final key event in hormone signaling that is the change in behavior that occurs inside the cell.

A

Response

66
Q

refers to the duration of time required to decrease the concentration of a circulating hormone by half

A

half-life of a hormone

67
Q

two (2) factors influencing the hormone concentrations in the blood

A

1) rate of hormone secretion into the blood
2) rate of removal of the hormone from the blood (metabolic clearance rate)

68
Q

clearance of hormones from the plasma include (4)

A

a) metabolic destruction
b) binding with the tissues
c) excretion by the liver into the bile
d) excretion by the kidneys into the urine

General Physiology (15 decks)

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