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General Physiology > 7 The Nervous System (Finals) > Flashcards

7 The Nervous System (Finals) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic functions of the nervous system? (3)

A
  1. Sensation
  2. Integration
  3. Reaction
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2
Q

The nervous system monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the body. Such changes are known as __ and the cells that monitor them are __.

A
  • stimuli
  • receptors
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3
Q

The parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information to determine the appropriate response

A

Integration

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4
Q
  • Motor output.
  • The activation of muscles or glands (typically via the release of neurotransmitters)
A

Reaction

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5
Q

What is the main similarity between the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

They both monitor stimuli and react to maintain homeostasis.

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6
Q

1) Which system is known for rapid, fast-acting responses?
2) What system acts slower using hormones via the bloodstream and has longer-lasting actions?

A

1) Nervous System
2) Endocrine System

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7
Q

What are the two initial divisions of the nervous system? (2)

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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8
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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9
Q

Initial division of the nervous system: Integration and control, processing information, initiating responses, and mental activity

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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10
Q

Initial division of the nervous system: To carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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11
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) include? (4)

A
  • Sensory receptors
  • nerves
  • ganglia
  • plexuses
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12
Q
  • A division that conducts action potentials from the periphery to the CNS
  • Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS and informs the CNS of the body’s state
A

Sensory division

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13
Q
  • A division that conducts action potentials from the CNS to the periphery
  • Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
A

Motor division

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14
Q

What are the three types of neurons that connect the CNS to the body? (3)

A
  • Sensory (Afferent)
  • Motor (Efferent)
  • Interneurons
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15
Q

Which type of neuron conducts signals from sensory receptors to the CNS?

A

Sensory (Afferent) neurons

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16
Q

Which type of neuron conducts signals from the CNS to muscles and glands?

A

Motor (Efferent) neurons

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17
Q

What type of neuron connects different regions within the CNS?

A

Interneurons

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18
Q

What are the two (2) subdivisions of motor (efferent) division?

A
  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
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19
Q

What division of the motor system controls voluntary actions and innervates skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic Nervous System

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20
Q

What division of the motor system controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and digestion?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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21
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System? (2)

A
  • Sympathetic Nervous System
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System
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22
Q

Which nervous system division is responsible for the “Fight-or-Flight” response?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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23
Q

Which nervous system division is responsible for the “Rest and Digest” response?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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24
Q

What are the two (2) subdivisions of the sensory (afferent) division?

A
  • Somatic sensory
  • Visceral Sensory
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25
Q

A subdivision of sensory (afferent) division that provides sensory information about touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception in the skin, body wall, and limbs. Also, hearing, equilibrium, vision, and smell.

A

somatic sensory

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26
Q

A subdivision of sensory (afferent) division that provides sensory information about stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, and irritation in the viscera; nausea and hunger. Also, taste.

A

visceral sensory

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27
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on heart rate and blood pressure?

A

increases it

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28
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on heart rate and blood pressure?

A

lowers it

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29
Q

Which neurons control involuntary muscle movements and regulate internal organs?

A

Visceral motor neurons

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30
Q

What are the special visceral motor neurons that innervate pharyngeal arch muscles called?

A

Branchial Motor Neurons (Special Visceral Motor Neurons)

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31
Q

What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue? (2)

A
  • Neurons (nerve cells)
  • Neuroglia (glial cells)
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32
Q

Cells in the nervous tissue that receive stimuli and transmits action potentials

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

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33
Q

Cells in the nervous tissue that support and protect neurons

A

Neuroglia (glial cells)

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34
Q

How much more numerous are neuroglia compared to neurons?

A

They outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1

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35
Q

What part of the neuron is responsible for receiving inputs?

A

Dendrites

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36
Q

What part of the neuron is responsible for sending outputs?

A

Axons

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37
Q

Name the four types of neuroglia found in the CNS. (4)

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Ependymal Cells
  • Microglia
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38
Q

Which CNS glial cell helps form the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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39
Q

Cells that produce the myelin sheath for electrical insulation in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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40
Q

Which CNS glial cell lines brain ventricles and the spinal cord’s central canal?

A

Ependymal Cells

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41
Q

Which CNS glial cell acts as specialized macrophages?

A

Microglia

42
Q

What are the two types of glial cells found in the PNS? (2)

A
  • Satellite Cells
  • Schwann Cells
43
Q

Glial cells in PNS that form myelin sheaths around larger nerve fibers and aid in neuronal regeneration

A

Schwann cells

44
Q

Which PNS glial cell surrounds clusters of neuronal cell bodies?

A

Satellite Cells

45
Q

Where is the concentration of K+ higher, inside or outside the neuron?

A

Inside the neuron

46
Q

Where is the concentration of Na+ higher, inside or outside the neuron?

A

Outside the neuron

47
Q

What maintains the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane?

A

Na+/K+ pumps

48
Q

What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A

-65 to -85 mV

49
Q

What causes changes in a neuron’s membrane potential? (2)

A
  • Changes in membrane permeability
  • flow of ions
50
Q

What type of ion channel is always open?

A

Non-gated ion channels (leak channels)

51
Q

What type of ion channel opens only in response to a stimulus?

A

Gated ion channels

52
Q

Name the three types of gated ion channels. (3)

A
  • Voltage-gated
  • ligand-gated
  • stress-gated channels
53
Q

Where do graded potentials typically occur in a neuron? (2)

A
  • dendrites
  • cell body
54
Q

How far do graded potentials travel?

A

Only a short distance (a few millimeters)

55
Q

Where does an action potential begin in a neuron?

A

axon hillock

56
Q

What type of ion channels open during an action potential?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels

57
Q

An action potential occurs at full strength if threshold is reached, or not at all if threshold is not reached.

A

“all-or-none” principle

58
Q

What triggers an action potential?

A

Membrane depolarization to the threshold potential

59
Q

How is the strength of an action potential signal maintained over long distances?

A

self-propagating and does not lose strength.

60
Q

What is myelin primarily composed of?

A

lipids

61
Q

Known as a lipid insulator and membranes of certain glial cells

A

myelin

62
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath containing many Na+ channels

A

Nodes of Ranvier

63
Q

What is the name for the type of conduction in myelinated axons where signals “jump” from one node to the next?

A

Saltatory conduction

64
Q

By how much does saltatory conduction increase action potential (AP) conduction speed?

A

50-100 times

65
Q

Which organisms have more myelinated axons, vertebrates or invertebrates?

A

Vertebrates

66
Q

What type of ion channels are found in high numbers in the terminal bouton of a chemical synapse?

A

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

67
Q

What happens when an action potential reaches the terminal bouton of a neuron?

A

Ca2+ channels open, allowing Ca2+ to rush in and trigger exocytosis of synaptic vesicles.

68
Q

What occurs after neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft?

A

They diffuse across the cleft and bind to receptors on the subsynaptic membrane.

69
Q

What is the effect of prolonged exposure to high levels of a neurotransmitter on receptor proteins?

A

The nerve cell may reduce the number of receptor proteins in the membrane.

70
Q

It prolongs the transmission of signals across synapses by keeping neurotransmitters in the synapse for extended periods. (Name the drug and what do you call this drug)

A
  • cocaine
  • neuromodulator
71
Q

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the pleasure messages affected by cocaine?

A

Dopamine

72
Q

What is a potential cellular response to prolonged exposure to cocaine?

A

The cell may lower the number of dopamine receptor proteins on its surface.

73
Q

Explain cocaine at synapses

A
  • In synapses, cocaine acts by blocking the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters, mainly dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, by binding to their respective transporter proteins.
  • Normally, these neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, activate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, and are then reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron for recycling.
  • By inhibiting reuptake, cocaine prolongs the presence of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, intensifying their effects and leading to increased stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron.
74
Q

What type of matter in the CNS consists of bundles of myelinated axons?

A

White Matter

75
Q

What type of matter in the CNS consists of masses of cell bodies and dendrites covered with synapses?

A

Gray Matter

76
Q

In the spinal cord, the location of white matter is __, the gray matter is __

A
  • at the surface
  • inside
77
Q
  • conducts sensory information from the peripheral nervous system (both somatic and autonomic) to the brain
  • conducts motor information from the brain
A

Spinal cord

78
Q

What are the four (4) brain to effectors?

A
  • skeletal muscles
  • cardiac muscles
  • smooth muscles
  • glands
79
Q

Somatic reflexes of clinical importance (6)

A
  • Knee jerk reflex
  • Ankle (Achilles) reflex
  • Babinski reflex
  • Plantar reflex
  • Corneal reflex
  • Abdominal Reflex
80
Q

Extension of the lower leg in response to tapping the patellar tendon.

A

knee jerk reflex

81
Q

What does a hypoactive knee jerk reflex indicate? (4)

A
  • Peripheral nerve damage
  • chronic diabetes
  • neurosyphilis
  • coma
82
Q

Extension of the foot in response to tapping the Achilles tendon.

A

ankle jerk (Achilles) reflex

83
Q

What does an absent ankle jerk reflex suggest? (2)

A

peripheral neuropathy due to diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism

84
Q
  • Extension of the great toe in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot.
  • normal in infants up to 1/2 years old
A

Babinski reflex

85
Q

What does a positive Babinski reflex in adults indicate? (1 main, 3 diseases/conditions)

A

Damage to the corticospinal tract, seen in conditions like
- spinal cord injury
- brain tumors
- cerebral palsy

86
Q

Plantar flexion of all toes and slight turning in of the foot in response to stimulation of the sole.

A

plantar reflex

87
Q

What condition does the Babinski sign in adults indicate? (1 main, 2 diseases/conditions)

A

Upper motor neuron lesions, such as in
- stroke
- multiple sclerosis (MS).

88
Q

A protective reflex causing the eye to blink in response to corneal stimulation.

A

corneal reflex

89
Q

What does an absent corneal reflex indicate? (2)

A

damage to the trigeminal nerve or facial nerve due to cranial disease or brain disorders.

90
Q

Drawing in of the abdominal wall in response to stroking the abdomen.

A

abdominal reflex

91
Q

What does an absent abdominal reflex suggest? (2 main, 2 diseases/conditions)

A

corticospinal tract damage or issues with abdominal muscle nerves
- stroke
- multiple sclerosis (MS).

92
Q
  • Membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, providing support by suspending, compartmentalizing, and coating these structures.
  • They cannot be transplanted and are essential for brain support and protection.
A

meninges

93
Q

The outermost, tough, durable layer of the meninges attached to the skull, also known as “Tough Mother.”

A

dura mater

94
Q

The middle, web-like layer of the meninges, with a subarachnoid space containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A

arachnoid

95
Q

The innermost, delicate layer of the meninges that adheres directly to the brain’s surface, also known as “Gentle Mother.”

A

pia mater

96
Q

What is the region between the arachnoid and pia mater filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

97
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced?

A

In the lateral ventricles by the choroid plexus.

98
Q

What structure absorbs cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

arachnoid villi

99
Q

It is the site of CSF production.

A

choroid plexus

100
Q

They act as specialized “absorbing” filters for cerebrospinal fluid.

A

arachnoid villi

101
Q

Supports the brain by holding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and supporting the meninges.

A

bones

102
Q
A

General Physiology (15 decks)

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