3 Cellular Respiration Flashcards
A step-by-step breakdown of high-energy glucose molecules to release energy, occurring day and night in all living cells.
Cellular respiration
What are the four metabolic stages of cellular respiration?
Anaerobic Respiration
1. Glycolysis
Aerobic Respiration
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. Krebs cycle
4. Electron transport chain
- Respiration without O₂, occurs in the cytosol.
- only involving glycolysis and producing less energy.
Anaerobic respiration
- Respiration using O₂, occurs in the mitochondria.
- Breaking down glucose completely and releasing large amounts of energy.
Aerobic respiration
Where does glycolysis occur and does it require oxygen?
- cytosol
- does not require oxygen.
What is the process that follows glycolysis in aerobic respiration?
Pyruvate oxidation
What is the main function of the Krebs cycle?
To produce electron carriers (NADH, FADH₂) for the electron transport chain
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Electrons are transferred through protein complexes to produce ATP.
Electron transport chain
What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → ATP + 6H₂O + 6CO₂ (+ heat)
What controls cellular respiration?
Enzymes
The phase where pyruvate migrates from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix.
Grooming phase
A stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, producing electron carriers.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur?
inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
What is oxidative phosphorylation also called? (3)
- electron transport chain
- electron transport-linked phosphorylation
- terminal oxidation
What is ATP often referred to as?
energy currency of cells
How does an ATP molecule release energy?
- When a phosphate group is pulled away during a chemical reaction, releasing energy like a compressed spring.
- ATP releases energy when its high-energy bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, converting ATP to ADP and an inorganic phosphate.
The fundamental mode of energy exchange in biological systems, where ATP is converted to ADP and back.
ATP-ADP Cycle
Name some processes in the body that rely on ATP-ADP (4)
- Motion
- Active transport
- Biosyntheses
- Signal amplification
How is ADP converted back to ATP?
general process and chemical explanation
- oxidation of fuel molecules or photosynthesis.
- by the enzyme ATP synthase by adding inorganic phosphate to ADP
How often is ATP recycled in a working muscle cell?
All ATP molecules are recycled about once per minute.
How many ATP molecules are spent and regenerated per second in a working muscle cell?
10 million ATP molecules.
What are two types of anaerobic respiration? What do they produce? (2)
- Homolactic fermentation (produces lactic acid)
- yeast fermentation (produces alcohol + CO2)
Why is glycolysis considered an ancient pathway?
It is where energy transfer first evolved, transferring energy from organic molecules to ATP.
How many ATP molecules are generated from 1 glucose molecule in glycolysis?
2 ATP molecules.