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General Physiology > 3 Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

3 Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

A step-by-step breakdown of high-energy glucose molecules to release energy, occurring day and night in all living cells.

A

Cellular respiration

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2
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A step-by-step breakdown of high-energy glucose molecules to release energy. Occurs day and night in all living cells.

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3
Q

What are the four metabolic stages of cellular respiration?

A

Anaerobic Respiration
1. Glycolysis
Aerobic Respiration
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. Krebs cycle
4. Electron transport chain

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4
Q
  • Respiration without O₂, occurs in the cytosol.
  • only involving glycolysis and producing less energy.
A

Anaerobic respiration

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5
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Respiration without O₂, occurs in the cytosol.
  • only involving glycolysis and producing less energy.
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6
Q
  • Respiration using O₂, occurs in the mitochondria.
  • Breaking down glucose completely and releasing large amounts of energy.
A

Aerobic respiration

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7
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A
  • Respiration using O₂, occurs in the mitochondria.
  • Breaking down glucose completely and releasing large amounts of energy.
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8
Q

Where does glycolysis occur and does it require oxygen?

A

It occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen.

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9
Q

What is the process that follows glycolysis in aerobic respiration?

A

Pyruvate oxidation

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10
Q

What is the main function of the Krebs cycle?

A

To produce electron carriers (NADH, FADH₂) for the electron transport chain

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11
Q

Electrons are transferred through protein complexes to produce ATP.

A

Electron transport chain

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12
Q

What occurs in the electron transport chain?

A

Electrons are transferred through protein complexes to produce ATP.

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13
Q

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → ATP + 6H₂O + 6CO₂ (+ heat)

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14
Q

What controls cellular respiration?

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

The phase where pyruvate migrates from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix.

A

Grooming phase

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16
Q

What is the “grooming phase” in cellular respiration?

A

The phase where pyruvate migrates from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix.

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17
Q

A stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, producing electron carriers.

A

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

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18
Q

What is the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?

A

A stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, producing electron carriers.

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19
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur?

A

In the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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20
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation also called?

A

Chemiosmosis

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21
Q

What is ATP often referred to as?

A

energy currency of cells

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22
Q

How does an ATP molecule release energy?

A
  • When a phosphate group is pulled away during a chemical reaction, releasing energy like a compressed spring.
  • ATP releases energy when its high-energy bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, converting ATP to ADP and an inorganic phosphate.
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23
Q

The fundamental mode of energy exchange in biological systems, where ATP is converted to ADP and back.

A

ATP-ADP Cycle

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24
Q

Name some processes that rely on ATP-ADP (4)

A
  • Motion
  • Active transport
  • Biosynthesis
  • Signal amplification
25
Q

How is ADP converted back to ATP?

A

Through the oxidation of fuel molecules or photosynthesis.

26
Q

How often is ATP recycled in a working muscle cell?

A

All ATP molecules are recycled about once per minute.

27
Q

How many ATP molecules are spent and regenerated per second in a working muscle cell?

A

10 million ATP molecules.

28
Q

What are two types of anaerobic respiration? What do they produce?

A

Homolactic fermentation (produces lactic acid) and yeast fermentation (produces alcohol + CO2)

29
Q

Why is glycolysis considered an ancient pathway?

A

It is where energy transfer first evolved, transferring energy from organic molecules to ATP.

30
Q

How many ATP molecules are generated from 1 glucose molecule in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP molecules.

31
Q

Why is glycolysis considered inefficient?

A

It generates only 2 ATP for each glucose molecule.

32
Q

How did early life capture energy without oxygen?

A

By capturing energy from organic molecules

33
Q

What is the evolutionary significance of glycolysis?

A

All modern cells that use glycolysis evolved from early prokaryotes, making it a fundamental metabolic process for all life.

34
Q

How many reactions occur during glycolysis?

A

10

35
Q

What does glycolysis convert glucose (6C) into?

A

2 pyruvate (3C) molecules

36
Q
  • How many ATP and NADH molecules are produced during glycolysis?
  • How many ATP molecules are consumed during glycolysis?
  • What is the net gain of ATP and NADH from glycolysis?
A
  • 4 ATP molecules; 2 NADH molecules
  • 2 ATP molecules
  • 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules
37
Q

What does DHAP stand for in glycolysis?

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

38
Q

What does G3P stand for in glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

39
Q

What does NAD+ and NADH stand for? What is there difference?

A
  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)
  • NAD+ Is the oxidized form, that is, a state in which it loses an electron. NADH is a reduced form of the molecule, which means that it gains the electron lost by NAD+.
40
Q

What occurs during the first half of glycolysis?

A

Glucose “priming,” preparing glucose to split through phosphorylation and molecular rearrangement.

41
Q

What is the purpose of phosphorylating glucose in glycolysis?

A

To destabilize the glucose molecule, making it easier to split.

42
Q

How many reactions are in the first half of glycolysis?

A

5 reactions

43
Q

What key process occurs in the second half of glycolysis?

A

NADH production.

44
Q

How does G3P contribute to NADH production?

A

G3P donates hydrogen (H), oxidizing sugar and reducing NAD⁺ to NADH.

45
Q

What happens to G3P in the second half of glycolysis?

A

It is converted to pyruvate.

46
Q

What role does phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) play in ATP production?

A

PEP donates a phosphate group (P) to ADP, producing ATP.

47
Q

A process in glycolysis where a phosphate group (P) is transferred from a substrate (PEP) to ADP to form ATP.

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation?

48
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation (glycolysis)?

A

A process in glycolysis where a phosphate group (P) is transferred from a substrate (PEP) to ADP to form ATP.

49
Q

What enzyme facilitates the transfer of the phosphate group from PEP to ADP?

A

Kinase enzyme

50
Q

What is the reaction (equation) that summarizes glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD⁺ → 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH.

51
Q

Why is the energy yield from glycolysis considered low?

A

Only about 3.5% of the energy stored in glucose is harvested, as many carbons remain to be stripped for more energy.

52
Q

How is NADH recycled to NAD⁺?

A

Another molecule must accept the hydrogen (H) from NADH, allowing NAD⁺ to be regenerated.

53
Q

What happens during aerobic respiration regarding NADH recycling?

A

In the presence of oxygen, NADH donates its electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC). Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, allowing NADH to be oxidized back to NAD⁺.

54
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration regarding NADH recycling?

A

In the absence of oxygen, NADH cannot enter the electron transport chain. Instead, it donates its electrons to other organic molecules through fermentation processes.

55
Q

What do bacteria and yeast produce during alcoholic fermentation?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide from pyruvate.

56
Q

What are some products of alcoholic fermentation? (3)

A

Beer, wine, and bread.

57
Q

What do animals and some fungi produce during lactic acid fermentation?

A

Lactic acid from pyruvate.

58
Q

Why is alcoholic fermentation considered a dead-end process?

A

At approximately 12% ethanol concentration, it kills yeast and the reaction cannot be reversed.

59
Q

What makes lactic acid fermentation a reversible process?

A

Once oxygen becomes available, lactate can be converted back to pyruvate by the liver.

General Physiology (9 decks)

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