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PSYC 100 > 8. Psychopathology and 9. Therapeutic Orientations > Flashcards

8. Psychopathology and 9. Therapeutic Orientations Flashcards

1
Q

cultural relativism

A

person’s beliefs and practices need to be understood in context of their own culture and not judged against the criteria of another culture

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2
Q

distressing

A

behaviour distressing to individual or to ppl around them

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3
Q

deviance

A

behaviour is not in line w society’s norms

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4
Q

harmful dysfunctional

A

behaviour interferes with ability to work, and have relationships

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5
Q

etiology

A

cause or origin of disorder

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6
Q

somatogenic theory

A

psychological disorders were disease states, arising from illness, genetic issues, or deterioration of brain

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7
Q

humorism

A

belief by ancient greek physicians that imbalance in bodily humours affecting mental and health states

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8
Q

what happened in mid 1950’s to psych diagnosis

A
  • diff diagnosis
  • result was the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)
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9
Q

anxiety

A

state of fear

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10
Q

neurotic anxiety

A

result of impulses from the Id threatening to break thru

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11
Q

cognitive psychologists support the idea of…

A

maladaptive thought patterns — stimuli elicit a physiological response that is catastrophically appraised leading to anxiety

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12
Q

behavioural psychologists believe that…

A

conditioning is involved, especially with phobias

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13
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

chronic state of anxiety due to over-worrying about everyday issues
- moderately heritable
- sympt need to be present at least 6 months
- hypervigilance

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14
Q

hypervigilance

A

constant scanning of one’s environment for danger

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15
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

acute fear of social situations

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16
Q

performance only social anxiety disorder

A

limited to situations where individual feels they must perform - can impact performance

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17
Q

panic disorder

A

feelings of helpless terror that occur at unpredictable times, unprovoked by any specific environmental cue

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18
Q

PTSD

A

anxiety disorder develops following a traumatic experience
acute: 1-3 months post-traumatic event
chronic: more than 3 months post-traumatic event
delayed: begins 6 months post-traumatic event

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19
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder:

A

associated with uncontrollable tasks or thoughts

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20
Q

compulsions

A

repetitive actions

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21
Q

obsessions

A

continual or intrusive thoughts

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22
Q

thought-action fusion

A

overestimating relationship between thought and action

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23
Q

Unipolar disorders: Depression

A

lack of pleasure combined w sense of hopelessness

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24
Q

Unipolar disorders: Major depressive disorder (MDD)

A

severe depression that interferes with functioning; lasts for at least 2 weeks, no history of manic episodes

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25
Q

Depression diagnosis

A

5 or more of: depressed mood, diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities (need one of these two), significant weight loss or gain or an increase or decrease in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, etc

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26
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

less severe symp that last for at least 2 yrs
- feeling depressed for more days than not
- cannot b without symp for more than 2 months

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27
Q

Manic

A

persistent euphoric mood or irritable mood, intense energy, and exaggerated behaviours; can exhibit feelings of invincibility or extreme goal-directed behaviour
- last a week or longer, impairment can be significant
- 3-4 symptoms of grandiosity, increased goal-directed activity, reduced need for sleep, racing thoughts/ideas

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28
Q

hypomanic

A

elevated mood w/o severe impairment; last 4 or more days

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29
Q

bipolar

A

polar extremes of activity: combo of depression, and mania
- episodes of depressive behaviour, manic behaviour, and normal behaviour
Bipolar 1: single or recurring manic episodes; episodes of depression not necessary
Bipolar 2: single or recurring hypomanic and depressive episodes
- norepinephrine drops during depression and increases during mania (SNS)

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30
Q

bipolar prevalence

A

increasing in younger
women 2x more likely to suffer from depression

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31
Q

is there a strong hereditary predisposition for depression

A

yes sir

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32
Q

monoamine theory of depression

A

depression due to a general depletion of monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine). drug therapy for depression typically focuses on either raising level of norepinephrine or serotonin

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33
Q

tricyclics

A

block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: increase the activity of serotonin only

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34
Q

lithium

A

will decrease excitatory neurotrasmitters (dopamine and glutamate) and increase inhibitory neurotransmitters

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35
Q

therapeutic treatment for bipolar disorder

A

interpersonal and social rhythm therapy

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36
Q

SSRI

A

(Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
1. serotonin is released into synapse
2. has to be recycled or reuptake
SSRI - inhibit reuptake
3. serotonin stays in synapse

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37
Q

comorbidity

A

you can be diagnosed w more than 1 disorder

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38
Q

non pharmaceutical treatments (biological)

A

(biological)
1. electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) - effective for major depression. cannot relieve anxiety or schizophrenia. current to induce a seizure.
2. transcranial magnetic stim - noninvasive, delivers pulsating magnetic fields to cortext to induce electrical activity
3. deep brain stim - implanting an electrode into brain to stimulate that region

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39
Q

schizophrenia

A
  • serious disorder
  • symptoms seriously impact individuals ability to work, care for themselves, and interact with others
  • men 18-25
  • women 26-45
  • schizophrenia is a psychosis where there is a disconnection from reality
40
Q

5 main symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  1. delusions
  2. hallucinations
  3. disorganized speech
  4. grossly disorganized behaviours
  5. negative symptoms
    (one of the two must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech)
41
Q

phases of schizophrenia

A
  1. premorbid (b4 onset)
  2. predromel (beginning -> sympt start)
  3. recovery or active
  4. if active then sympt cognitive w treatment, if recovery than residual (no sympt)
42
Q

precipitating factors

A

strong evidence for genetic predisposition though no “schizophrenia gene” has been found

43
Q

brain atrophy

A

can be a causative agent
- less white matter, ventricles enlarged

44
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

overactivity of dopamine system; some antipsychotic meds work by blocking the dopamine receptors

45
Q

antipsychotics: typical

A

blocks dopamine receptor, reduces positive but not negative symptoms or the cognitive side-effects

46
Q

antipsychotics: atypical

A

influence dopamine as well as other receptors to reduce dopamine levels, but not to the same extent

47
Q

personality

A

characteristic pattern of behaviour, thought, feeling, and beliefs

48
Q

personality types

A

represent discrete categories of defining someone’s personality

49
Q

personality traits

A

rep continuous levels of definitions
- 3 criteria: consistency, stability, and individual differences

50
Q

OCEAN (treat theory of personality)

A

O - Openness
C - Conscientiousness
E - Extroversion
A - Agreeableness
N - Neuroticism (most correlates w health issues)

51
Q

Trait-based Personality Disorders: Avoidant

A

social inhibition and hypersensitive to criticism (neuroticism and introversion)

52
Q

Trait-based Personality Disorders: Antisocial

A

disregard for rights of others; may be aggressive or destructive and will break laws and be deceitful (antagonism and low conscientiousness)

53
Q

Trait-based Personality Disorders: Dependent

A

excessive need to be taken care of; clinging and submissive; separation anxiety (neuroticism and maladaptive agreeableness)

54
Q

Trait-based Personality Disorders: schizoid

A

detachment from social relationships and limited range of emotional expression (introversion)

55
Q

Trait-based Personality Disorders: obsessive compulsive

A

preoccupied with perfectionism, orderliness, and control (maladaptive conscientiousness)

56
Q

Trait-based Personality Disorders: borderline

A

unstable relationships and self-image (neuroticism)

57
Q

Trait-based Personality Disorders: histrionic

A

excessively emotional and attention seeking (maladaptive extraversion)

58
Q

Trait-based Personality Disorders: narcissitic

A

grandiosity, desire for admiration, lack of empathy (neuroticism, extraversion, introversion, unconventionality, antagonism)

59
Q

Trait-based Personality Disorders: paranoid

A

distrustful and suspicious or others

60
Q

Unspecified Personality Disorder (UPD) and OSPD

A

When clinician suspects personality disorder, but it does not quite meet criteria for anything

61
Q

who was the pioneer of psychopathy

A

Cleckley
described psychopathic as being able to mimic a normally functioning person, presenting as sociable and well adjusted, but lacking internal personality structure

62
Q

3rd edition of DSM replaced term psychopathy w…

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

63
Q

Dark Triad

A

narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism

64
Q

which would be a likely treatment for major depressive disorder

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

65
Q

ex of negative sympt

A

Anhedonia - loss of joy
Amotivation
Alogia - flat speech

66
Q

in schizophrenia, disorganized speech is a ____________ sympt and hearing voices is a _________ sympt

A

positive, and positive

67
Q

best characterization of comorbidity:
a) disorders without interventions
b) intrusive thoughts about death
c) several members of a family having the same disorder
d) individual has more than one disorder at the same time

A

d) individual has more than one disorder at the same time

68
Q

to understand an anxiety disorder we need to look at

A

both environmental and biological factors

69
Q

in obsessive-compulsive disorders, obsessions are to ____________ as compulsions are to ____________

A

thoughts, actions

70
Q

how could CBT extinguish fear of mice

A

exposure to feared CS in absence of UCS while using response prevention so extinction can occur

71
Q

psychoanalysis therapy

A

goal is to focus on revealing unconscious thoughts
- helps patients achieve insight

72
Q

3 structures of personality

A
  1. Id: pleasure center of mind, concerned with animal-like impulses and urges
  2. Ego: concerned with making decisions and rational thinking
  3. Superego: last personality structure to develop, concerned with moral principles and could be thought of as the conscience
73
Q

transference

A

transfer feelings to the therapist

74
Q

countertransferance

A

therapist feelings displaced onto client

75
Q

psychodynamic therapy

A

clients are seen fewer times a week and focus on their current life

76
Q

interpersonal theory

A

focuses on clients interpersonal relationships

77
Q

behavioural therapy: systematic desensitization

A

gradual exposure to fearful stim along w relaxation techniques
(uses fear hierarchy)
ex: exposure phobia for snakes
1) fear hierarchy: thought, picture, adjacent room, see thru window, in same room
2) “imagine you see snake”
“i don’t feel good”
therapist: guided relaxation techniques to reduce SNS response

78
Q

behavioural therapy: flooding

A

full exposure with no possibility of harm

79
Q

behavioural therapy: interoceptive exposure

A

induce somatic symp then use relaxation techniques to calm the body

80
Q

cognitive restructuring/cognitive therapy

A

result of maladaptive thought processes and seeks to change these processes to something more positive

81
Q

CBT

A
  • exposure based cognitive behavioural therapies are good for anxiety disorders
  • have enlarged in last two decades
  • centered on mindfulness and acceptance
  • present focused
  • restructure thinking based on evidence: challenging distressing thoughts w evidence from reality
82
Q

Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

A
  • Mindfulness - focus on the moment; non-judgemental w thoughts
83
Q

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

A
  • steven hayes
  • has mindfulness at its base
  • teaches clients to control their thoughts and feelings
  • acceptance reduces anxiety
  • also determine which life goals are in alignment with their values and commit to working towards them
84
Q

Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT)

A
  • developed for borderline personality disorder: very challenging to treat
  • uses techniques from cognitive, behavioural, psychodynamic, and humanistic fields
  • traces the roots of the disorder
  • mindfulness is the foundation
  • goal to reduce destructive behaviours and suicide attempts
85
Q

is there a best form of therapy

A

no

86
Q

cognitive behaviour therapy for

A
  • phobia
  • anxiety
  • depression
87
Q

DBT for

A

borderline personality disorder

88
Q

exposure therapy makes use of which classical conditioning

A

extinction

89
Q

when conducting therapy outcome research, finding a nonspecific treatment effects is concerning bc it means that…

A

any treatment is beneficial

90
Q

best biomed treatment for psychological disorders

A

drugs and brain interventions

91
Q

what does psychodynamic therapy aim to explore

A

the unconscious

92
Q

tricyclics, monoamine inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are treatments for

A

depression

93
Q

you are a psychiatrist meeting a new patient. B4 picking treatment plan what are things you should know.

A
  • patient history/history of presenting illness (HPI)
  • review of sys for psychiatric conditions
  • any other relevant mental disorders they have
  • personal/social history (meds, alc/drug use)
  • relevant family history
94
Q

patient: zoe
she’s been feeling depressed
got a low grade on assignment, feels like a failure
you challenge her thinking, saying she is on the dean’s list and doing research
what therapy would you use

A

CBT
- to challenge her inappropriate thoughts
- zoe suffering from maladaptive thoughts -> may lead to anxiety and depression (reconstructing will help)

95
Q

compare/contrast 3 therapeutic techniques described in this course

A
  1. Biological: pharmaceuticals (SSRI)
  2. Humanistic: client-centered therapy (unconditional positive regard and empathy, active listening to help client reframe thoughts)
  3. Psychoanalysts: exploring the unconscious (free association/dream interpretation)

PSYC 100 (18 decks)

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