1. Language Course Cram

Question 1

Mental representation

Answer 1

Images, ideas, concepts, principles, beliefs

Question 2

Language

Answer 2

flexible sys. that allows fo symbolic rep, or thoughts ex.-> dog

Question 3

Thought

Answer 3

Internal dialogue
- language is distinctly human, evolution of language accompanies greater social complexity

Question 4

psycholinguistics

Answer 4

the scientific study of the psychology of langauge
- how we acquire language
- how to comprehend and produce it
properties
- symbolic
- structure (set of rules for how symbols come together

Question 5

adjacency pair

Answer 5

a speaker and responder someone speaks and someone responds

Question 6

common ground

Answer 6

information shared by people in a conversation

Question 7

audience design

Answer 7

we design statements we make with our audienece in mind using common group to determine how much detail we need to give about the subject (conversations usually take place in groups of four people or less, which is easier to manage

Question 8

situation model

Answer 8

a mental representation of an object or situation that we construct when we hear their description

Question 9

priming

Answer 9

when you think about one concept and related concepts are remembered

Question 10

Stroke (brain damage)

Answer 10

language problems called aphesia

Question 11

Bronca’s area

Answer 11

frontal lobe of the left hemisphere (reproduction)

Question 12

Wernickes area

Answer 12

Temporal lobe (comprehension)

Question 13

Gossip

Answer 13

70% of our language use is for gossip
- increases our in group/outgroup bias

Question 14

Linguistic intergroup bias

Answer 14

a language bias that increases stereotypes

Question 15

social networks

Answer 15

allow gossip to spread reaching a large number of people

Question 16

Social brain hypothesis

Answer 16

our brains have evolved to be larger and more complex in order to maintain our social groups primates have large brains relative to their body size to manage complex social systems

Question 17

language and thought

Answer 17

• language shapes cognition
• different languages have different emphases so native speakers will have different constraints on thought

Question 18

Whorf Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 18

language determines thought and we can only think in ways that are allowed by our language
Ex. In english time is described horizontally like on a timeline mandarin speakers also use vertical terms which influences how fast they understand a term “may is later than march”

Question 19

theory of mind

Answer 19

is the ability for an individual to understand that other people have their own thoughts and knowledge
- usually develops at age 3
developmental researchers to believe that even infants are aware of other people’s thoughts and needs

Question 20

social group

Answer 20

collaborate on a task
- share a goal + trust
- other ppl have knowledge
- empathy

Question 21

theory of mind level: 1st level

Answer 21

Identifying Agents: moving objects that act on their own
Recognizing goals: agents have goal-directed behaviours
Assessing Intentionally: agent is engaging in behaviour that the agent believes will bring a desirable outcome
(Monkeys)

Question 22

theory of mind level: 2nd level

Answer 22

imitation: copying a behaviour observed in someone else
mimicry: copying observed behaviour, usually w/o being aware, leading to behaviours being synchronized
automatic empathy: mimicking/imitating a behaviour leads to feeling the emotion of the person you are mimicking

Question 23

theory of mind level: 3rd level

Answer 23

All above are only human
joint attention: 2 ppl attending to the same thing, fully aware they are both attending to it
visual perspective taking: perceiving something from another person’s visual point of view; also leads to infer another person’s mental state/perspective diff from your own

Question 24

theory of mind level: 4th level

Answer 24

simulation: representing another person’s mental state
projection: assuming that someone else’s knowledge, desires and feelings are the same as your own

Question 25

theory of mind level: 5th level

Answer 25

inferring mental states: being able to take another person’s perspective, separate from our own (empathy)

Question 26

false belief tasks

Answer 26

when you test to see if a child understands that people have diff information than them

Question 27

Individuals with Autism and TOM

Answer 27

individuals diagnosed with autism can struggle with TOM bc it involves reading facial expressions and inferring intentions

Question 28

Why is TOM important

Answer 28

for helping us communicate and understand each other - it allows us to take others perspective, be empathetic, and understanding ppl’s goals and intentions