4. Adolescence and Adulthood

Question 1

cross sectional design

Answer 1

compares diff ppl at diff ages

Question 2

when is the beginning of adolescence

Answer 2

puberty (beginning earlier bc of better nutrition, hormones, etc)
females 10-11
males 11-12

Question 3

changes in adolescence

Answer 3

• physical
• neurological (synaptic pruning: brain eliminates unneeded connections to create efficiency, increase in myelination, loss of neural plasticity)
• cognitive changes (prefrontal cortex region does not stop developing till 25)

Question 4

major cognitive changes

Answer 4

• concrete to abstract thinking
• increased capacity for memory, processing speed, attention, metacognition
• increased exploration and sensation-seeking
• experienced based on feedback

Question 5

social changes
diff genes can lead too…

Answer 5

• independence
  …diversity, differential susceptibility

Question 6

psychological control

Answer 6

invalidating adolescent’s feelings and pushing them to think in particular ways -> pressure on teen

Question 7

deviant peer contagion

Answer 7

when ppl more likely to engage in risky behaviour when it has been approved by a peer

Question 8

crowds

Answer 8

large groups based on stereotypes and reputations and interact with moderate frequency

Question 9

cliques

Answer 9

smaller groups of ppl w similar characteristics

Question 10

4 stages of identity development

Answer 10

identity foreclosure
identity diffusion
identity moratorium
identity achievement

Question 11

4 stages of identity development: identity foreclosure (most adolescents)

Answer 11

• adolescent willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future, w/o exploring their options
• in this stage tend to conform to expectations of esteemed others regarding their future (parents tell them, role models)

Question 12

4 stages of identity development: identity diffusion (most adolescents)

Answer 12

don’t attempt to explore or commit to any ideologies or roles

Question 13

4 stages of identity development: identity moratorium

Answer 13

adolescent is actively looking at options, exploring choices, not made a commitment to one

Question 14

4 stages of identity development: identity achievement

Answer 14

adolescent has made a commitment to a specific identity

Question 15

Theories of development of antisocial behaviours

Answer 15

1. Patterson: early vs late starter. early starters at greater risk for long-term behaviours extending into childhood. late starters suffer from poor parental supervision
2. Moffitt: antisocial behaviour that is life-course persistent vs adolescent-limited

Question 16

5 features for emerging adulthood

Answer 16

1. identity exploration
2. instability
3. self-focus
4. feeling in-between
5. possibilities

Question 17

fluid intelligence

Answer 17

(short term mem)
ability to adapt and change over time; ability to deal with novel situations without past experience

Question 18

crystallized intelligence

Answer 18

(long term mem)
ability to gain knowledge and tackle problems based on past experience and acquired knowledge

Question 19

convoy model of social relations

Answer 19

not the actual support, but the perception the support is available that is important

Question 20

socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer 20

our motivations for seeking social contact change as we age, older adults limit their social life to prioritize time with their closest contacts

Question 21

which of the following best defines Canadian timeline of adolescence?
a) onset of puberty until legal adulthood
b) onset of puberty until neurological maturation
c) entrance into middle school until legal adulthood

Answer 21

a) onset of puberty until legal adulthood

Question 22

what would a mature adult be able to do better than an adolescent?
a) memory retrieval
b) catching a ball
c) debating

Answer 22

c) debating

Question 23

which region of the brain is primarily responsible for reasoning and planning?
a) brain stem
b) prefrontal cortex
c) temporal lobe
d) parietal lobe

Answer 23

b) prefrontal cortex

Question 24

what are groups of tests that measure cognitive characteristics?
a) psychoeducational tests
b) psychoanalytic tests
c) pseudopsychological tests
d) psychometric tests

Answer 24

d) psychometric tests

Question 25

early adulthood begins when?
a) 15-25
b) 20-30
c) 25-45
d) 30-50

Answer 25

b) 20-30

Question 26

which of the stages of identity development is characterized by establishing an identity based on the choices or values of others?
a) identity diffusion
b) foreclosure
c) moratorium
d) identity-achievement

Answer 26

b) foreclosure

Question 27

why are adolescents more prone to risky behaviours

Answer 27

gap btwn stim of the dopamine sys and development of prefrontal cortex