3. Social Development Flashcards
social development results from the interaction between
- the environment of the child
(social context: relationships that nurture them) - physiological development that supports greater competency (biological maturation
- child’s development of a sense of self and a sense of their social world (TOM-empathy, attachment, development of self-identify and self-esteem, social role)
attachment
strong bond that develops between children and their caregivers
- no critical period, but there is a sensitive period (easier to acquire)
- infants normally form a strong attachment to primary caregivers
harlow research
monkeys preferred artificial mom covered in a soft cloth w/o a feeding bottle vs a wire cylinder w a feeding bottle
body contact more important than nourishment
bowlby’s theory of attachment
- indiscriminate crying and vocalizations from infants are directed at everyone to try to elicit caregiving
- around 3 months - infants direct these behaviours toward familiar caregivers
- 7-8 months, develop 1st meaningful attachment to primary caregiver
ainsworth
attachment in human infants was studied using the strange-situation test
strange situation test
- infant and its caregiver are brought into a strange room w a stranger present who does not interact with the infant
- caregiver then leaves and return, with the infant’s reaction being monitored
secure attachment
when the infant is distressed when the caregiver leaves and is pleasured when they return; infant checks in frequently w caregiver when playing and avoids the stranger in the room
insecure-avoidant attachment
infant ignores actions of parent, is not upset when they leave, do not seek contact with the parent
insecure-anxious resistant attachment
when infant is in distress when caregiver leaves, unable to be comforted when they return; they are very fearful of the stranger, but seek comfort from the parent only to push them away
disorganized attachment
infant had a confused or contradictory response to their caregivers - wants to be close and far away, as the parent has been inconsistent in comfort vs. abuse (parent represents fear and comfort)
hazan and shaver study
responses to statements about attachment through a “love quiz”
Parenting styles:
low warmth + low control
uninvolved
Parenting styles:
warm + low control
indulgent
Parenting styles:
low warmth + control
authoritatrian
Parenting styles:
warm + control
authoritative (IDEAL)
Baumrind describes 4 gen. styles of parenting
- authoritarian - parents value obedience for obedience sake and tend to rely on power assertion for disciplining their children
- authoritative - rely on inductive discipline, lesser extent of power assertion for disciplining. ideal. (mutual discussion of issues)
- indulgent - parents very tolerant of children behaviours and attempt to avoid discipline where possible
- neglectful
family stress model
- economic pressure affects caregiver mental health, strain the relationship between caregivers, and affect child’s adjustment
(normally no long term issues come from it for kids)
social referencing
we check other ppls emotional expressions to see how we should be responding
peer relationships
- important for development
- -‘ves: peer rejection, conformity pressure
- +’ve: help kids evaluate their own competence, important for many things
emotions have 3 functions
intrapersonal: role that emotions play in us
interpersonal: roles emotions play between individuals
social and cultural: role emotions play in keeping social order; our culture teaches us our “worldview” of emotions, the most desirable emotions for our culture
if a child displayed anxious resistant attachment what would occur:
a) drop a lollipop, begin to cry, their parent comes and is able to stop crying
b) drop lollipop, begin to cry, parent comes, unable to stop crying
c) drop lollipop, do not cry, parent does nothing for child
d) drop lollipop, begin to cry, stranger can stop their crying
b) drop lollipop, begin to cry, parent comes, unable to stop crying
_________________ parenting combines high responsiveness w clear rules:
a) authoritative
b) neglectful
c) authoritarian
d) permissive
a) authoritative
attachment style ppl
bowlby and ainsworth
- ability to connect w ppl
parenting style ppl
baumrind
- based on control and warmth
- the child’s temperament (nature)
how does social cognition develop during childhood
- as they grow become more aware of their own and others mental states
- social cognition develops as a result of complex interaction between: external world, physiological development, child’s sense of self
attachment pattern examples
- secure attachment
- avoidant attachment
- anxious resistant attachment