3. Social Development

Question 1

social development results from the interaction between

Answer 1

• the environment of the child
  (social context: relationships that nurture them)
• physiological development that supports greater competency (biological maturation
• child’s development of a sense of self and a sense of their social world (TOM-empathy, attachment, development of self-identify and self-esteem, social role)

Question 2

attachment

Answer 2

strong bond that develops between children and their caregivers
- no critical period, but there is a sensitive period (easier to acquire)
- infants normally form a strong attachment to primary caregivers

Question 3

harlow research

Answer 3

monkeys preferred artificial mom covered in a soft cloth w/o a feeding bottle vs a wire cylinder w a feeding bottle
body contact more important than nourishment

Question 4

bowlby’s theory of attachment

Answer 4

• indiscriminate crying and vocalizations from infants are directed at everyone to try to elicit caregiving
• around 3 months - infants direct these behaviours toward familiar caregivers
• 7-8 months, develop 1st meaningful attachment to primary caregiver

Question 5

ainsworth

Answer 5

attachment in human infants was studied using the strange-situation test

Question 6

strange situation test

Answer 6

1. infant and its caregiver are brought into a strange room w a stranger present who does not interact with the infant
2. caregiver then leaves and return, with the infant’s reaction being monitored

Question 7

secure attachment

Answer 7

when the infant is distressed when the caregiver leaves and is pleasured when they return; infant checks in frequently w caregiver when playing and avoids the stranger in the room

Question 8

insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 8

infant ignores actions of parent, is not upset when they leave, do not seek contact with the parent

Question 9

insecure-anxious resistant attachment

Answer 9

when infant is in distress when caregiver leaves, unable to be comforted when they return; they are very fearful of the stranger, but seek comfort from the parent only to push them away

Question 10

disorganized attachment

Answer 10

infant had a confused or contradictory response to their caregivers - wants to be close and far away, as the parent has been inconsistent in comfort vs. abuse (parent represents fear and comfort)

Question 11

hazan and shaver study

Answer 11

responses to statements about attachment through a “love quiz”

Question 12

Parenting styles:
low warmth + low control

Answer 12

uninvolved

Question 13

Parenting styles:
warm + low control

Answer 13

indulgent

Question 14

Parenting styles:
low warmth + control

Answer 14

authoritatrian

Question 15

Parenting styles:
warm + control

Answer 15

authoritative (IDEAL)

Question 16

Baumrind describes 4 gen. styles of parenting

Answer 16

• authoritarian - parents value obedience for obedience sake and tend to rely on power assertion for disciplining their children
• authoritative - rely on inductive discipline, lesser extent of power assertion for disciplining. ideal. (mutual discussion of issues)
• indulgent - parents very tolerant of children behaviours and attempt to avoid discipline where possible
• neglectful

Question 17

family stress model

Answer 17

• economic pressure affects caregiver mental health, strain the relationship between caregivers, and affect child’s adjustment
  (normally no long term issues come from it for kids)

Question 18

social referencing

Answer 18

we check other ppls emotional expressions to see how we should be responding

Question 19

peer relationships

Answer 19

• important for development
• -‘ves: peer rejection, conformity pressure
• +’ve: help kids evaluate their own competence, important for many things

Question 20

emotions have 3 functions

Answer 20

intrapersonal: role that emotions play in us
interpersonal: roles emotions play between individuals
social and cultural: role emotions play in keeping social order; our culture teaches us our “worldview” of emotions, the most desirable emotions for our culture

Question 21

if a child displayed anxious resistant attachment what would occur:
a) drop a lollipop, begin to cry, their parent comes and is able to stop crying
b) drop lollipop, begin to cry, parent comes, unable to stop crying
c) drop lollipop, do not cry, parent does nothing for child
d) drop lollipop, begin to cry, stranger can stop their crying

Answer 21

b) drop lollipop, begin to cry, parent comes, unable to stop crying

Question 22

_________________ parenting combines high responsiveness w clear rules:
a) authoritative
b) neglectful
c) authoritarian
d) permissive

Answer 22

a) authoritative

Question 23

attachment style ppl

Answer 23

bowlby and ainsworth
- ability to connect w ppl

Question 24

parenting style ppl

Answer 24

baumrind
- based on control and warmth
- the child’s temperament (nature)

Question 25

how does social cognition develop during childhood

Answer 25

• as they grow become more aware of their own and others mental states
• social cognition develops as a result of complex interaction between: external world, physiological development, child’s sense of self

Question 26

attachment pattern examples

Answer 26

• secure attachment
• avoidant attachment
• anxious resistant attachment