8: MUSCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
- Skeletal / voluntary muscle
- Smooth / involuntary muscle
- Cardiac muscle
What are skeletal / voluntary muscles
Muscles under conscious control. Stimulated by the somatic nervous system. When the muscles contract, they shorten and create movement on the bones they are attached to. Also known as striated muscles
What is the function of skeletal muscles
produce movement
stabilise the body and maintain posture
generate heat
store and move substances
What are smooth/involuntary muscles
Under involuntary motor control and named after their appearance. Also known as viceral muscles
What is the function of smooth muscles
Contract in response to stimulation by nerves or chemicals such as hormones
What are cardiac muscles
A type of involuntary muscles found in the walls of the heart but unlike other involuntary muscles they are also striated
How are cardiac muscles stimulated
They are stimulated by the sinoatrial node (SA node) in the heart that creates co-ordinated contraction of the heart muscle to propel blood out of the heart and around the body
What are the two main types of muscle fibres
- Slow twitch
- Fast twitch
What are slow twitch muscle fibres
Red in colour with good blood supply
Generate a low force but slow to fatigue
High capillary density with lots of mitochondria for supplying aerobic energy
Recruited mainly during aerobic exercises like walking and jogging
What are fast twitch muscle fibres
White in colour with poor blood supply
Generate high force but are quick to fatigue (few seconds of maximal contraction possible)
Need to rest and recover
Low capillary density and few mitochondria
Recruited during un-aerobic exercises such as jumping, sprinting, weight lifting
What is a tendon
connect muscle to the bone. Formed at the end of a muscle by layers of connective tissue
What is epimysium
Layer of connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle. Also called ‘fascia’
What is perimysium
a layer of connective tissue that surrounds each bundle of fibres
What are bundles of fibres within the skeletal muscle
within the muscle fibres are separated and packaged together into bundles, each bundle is known as a ‘fascicle’ and is surrounded by the perimysium
What does each muscle fibre contain
myofibrils
What are aponeurosis muscle attachments
muscles can attach to other muscles via connective tissue called ‘aponeurosis’
What are muscle fascia muscle attachments
muscles can attach directly onto the fibrous sheath of the bone
Where is the deltoid muscle located
crown your shoulder, covering the front, side and back of the joint
Where is the pectoralis major muscle located
pecks/chest - anterior chest wall
Where are the biceps located
Upper arm
Where are the internal/external obliques located
either side of the trunk
Where is the iliopsoas located
the inner hip
Where is the transverse abdominis located
between the ribs and the pelvis, wrapping around the trunk from front to back.
Where are the hip abductors located
on the lateral thigh. The primary hip abductor muscles include the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae.
Where are the quadriceps located
the front of your thigh
Where is the tibialis anterior located
the upper two-thirds of the lateral (outside) surface of the tibia
Where are the triceps located
the back of the upper arm
Where is the trapezius located
the upper back of the shoulders and neck
Where are the rhomboids located
located on your upper back underneath the trapezius muscle
Where is the latissimus dorsi located
the largest muscle in the upper part of your body. It starts below your shoulder blades and extends to your spine in the lower part of your back
Where is the erector spinea located
on each side of the vertebral column and extend alongside the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical sections of the spine.
Where is the gluteous maximus located
the lateral aspect of the upper buttock
Where are the hamstrings located
in the back of the thigh, starting at your hip and inserting to the knee
What are the two types of muscle contractions
- Isometic
- Isotinic
What are isometric muscle contractions
When a muscle contract, develops tension and the muscle length remains the same (no movement occurs at the joint)
What are isotonic contractions
When a muscle lengthens and shortens, where a change in the muscle length takes place. 2 types
What are the two types of isotonic muscle contractions
- Concentric
- Eccentric
What are concentric muscle contractions
Where a muscle shortens during the contraction - ie. bicep curl
What are eccentric muscle contractions
Involves the muscle lengthening - this it the lowering of the weight
What is delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
Pain, soreness or stiffness that is felt 12-72 hours after exercise. Eccentric training is at higher risk of DOMS (allows you to push past normal point of failure)
What is a first class lever
has the fulcrum in the middle and the load and effort on each side of the fulcrum. Its mechanical advantage is equal to a seesaw
