8: MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Question 1

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 1

1. Skeletal / voluntary muscle
2. Smooth / involuntary muscle
3. Cardiac muscle

Question 2

What are skeletal / voluntary muscles

Answer 2

Muscles under conscious control. Stimulated by the somatic nervous system. When the muscles contract, they shorten and create movement on the bones they are attached to. Also known as striated muscles

Question 3

What is the function of skeletal muscles

Answer 3

produce movement
stabilise the body and maintain posture
generate heat
store and move substances

Question 4

What are smooth/involuntary muscles

Answer 4

Under involuntary motor control and named after their appearance. Also known as viceral muscles

Question 5

What is the function of smooth muscles

Answer 5

Contract in response to stimulation by nerves or chemicals such as hormones

Question 6

What are cardiac muscles

Answer 6

A type of involuntary muscles found in the walls of the heart but unlike other involuntary muscles they are also striated

Question 7

How are cardiac muscles stimulated

Answer 7

They are stimulated by the sinoatrial node (SA node) in the heart that creates co-ordinated contraction of the heart muscle to propel blood out of the heart and around the body

Question 8

What are the two main types of muscle fibres

Answer 8

1. Slow twitch
2. Fast twitch

Question 9

What are slow twitch muscle fibres

Answer 9

Red in colour with good blood supply
Generate a low force but slow to fatigue
High capillary density with lots of mitochondria for supplying aerobic energy
Recruited mainly during aerobic exercises like walking and jogging

Question 10

What are fast twitch muscle fibres

Answer 10

White in colour with poor blood supply
Generate high force but are quick to fatigue (few seconds of maximal contraction possible)
Need to rest and recover
Low capillary density and few mitochondria
Recruited during un-aerobic exercises such as jumping, sprinting, weight lifting

Question 11

What is a tendon

Answer 11

connect muscle to the bone. Formed at the end of a muscle by layers of connective tissue

Question 12

What is epimysium

Answer 12

Layer of connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle. Also called ‘fascia’

Question 13

What is perimysium

Answer 13

a layer of connective tissue that surrounds each bundle of fibres

Question 14

What are bundles of fibres within the skeletal muscle

Answer 14

within the muscle fibres are separated and packaged together into bundles, each bundle is known as a ‘fascicle’ and is surrounded by the perimysium

Question 15

What does each muscle fibre contain

Answer 15

myofibrils

Question 16

What are aponeurosis muscle attachments

Answer 16

muscles can attach to other muscles via connective tissue called ‘aponeurosis’

Question 17

What are muscle fascia muscle attachments

Answer 17

muscles can attach directly onto the fibrous sheath of the bone

Question 18

Where is the deltoid muscle located

Answer 18

crown your shoulder, covering the front, side and back of the joint

Question 19

Where is the pectoralis major muscle located

Answer 19

pecks/chest - anterior chest wall

Question 20

Where are the biceps located

Answer 20

Upper arm

Question 21

Where are the internal/external obliques located

Answer 21

either side of the trunk

Question 22

Where is the iliopsoas located

Answer 22

the inner hip

Question 23

Where is the transverse abdominis located

Answer 23

between the ribs and the pelvis, wrapping around the trunk from front to back.

Question 24

Where are the hip abductors located

Answer 24

on the lateral thigh. The primary hip abductor muscles include the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae.

Question 25

Where are the quadriceps located

Answer 25

the front of your thigh

Question 26

Where is the tibialis anterior located

Answer 26

the upper two-thirds of the lateral (outside) surface of the tibia

Question 27

Where are the triceps located

Answer 27

the back of the upper arm

Question 28

Where is the trapezius located

Answer 28

the upper back of the shoulders and neck

Question 29

Where are the rhomboids located

Answer 29

located on your upper back underneath the trapezius muscle

Question 30

Where is the latissimus dorsi located

Answer 30

the largest muscle in the upper part of your body. It starts below your shoulder blades and extends to your spine in the lower part of your back

Question 31

Where is the erector spinea located

Answer 31

on each side of the vertebral column and extend alongside the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical sections of the spine.

Question 32

Where is the gluteous maximus located

Answer 32

the lateral aspect of the upper buttock

Question 33

Where are the hamstrings located

Answer 33

in the back of the thigh, starting at your hip and inserting to the knee

Question 34

What are the two types of muscle contractions

Answer 34

1. Isometic
2. Isotinic

Question 35

What are isometric muscle contractions

Answer 35

When a muscle contract, develops tension and the muscle length remains the same (no movement occurs at the joint)

Question 36

What are isotonic contractions

Answer 36

When a muscle lengthens and shortens, where a change in the muscle length takes place. 2 types

Question 37

What are the two types of isotonic muscle contractions

Answer 37

1. Concentric
2. Eccentric

Question 38

What are concentric muscle contractions

Answer 38

Where a muscle shortens during the contraction - ie. bicep curl

Question 39

What are eccentric muscle contractions

Answer 39

Involves the muscle lengthening - this it the lowering of the weight

Question 40

What is delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

Answer 40

Pain, soreness or stiffness that is felt 12-72 hours after exercise. Eccentric training is at higher risk of DOMS (allows you to push past normal point of failure)

Question 41

What is a first class lever

Answer 41

has the fulcrum in the middle and the load and effort on each side of the fulcrum. Its mechanical advantage is equal to a seesaw