7: JOINTS Flashcards
What are the 3 main types of joints
- Fibrous (Immovable)
- Cartilaginous (Slightly immovable)
- Synovial (Freely movable)
What are fibrous (immovable) joints
Bones that are tightly joined by fibrous connective tissue. Ex. Skull
What are cartilaginous (slightly moveable) joints
Bones that are connected with more pliable cartilage. Ex, how the ribs are connected to the sternum
What are synovial (freely moveable) joints
The most common joint found in the body. Consist of 2 or more bones meeting. Where the bones meet they are surrounded by a fibrous joint capsule - contains various structures including synovial membrane which contains synovial fluid ( lubricates the joint) and cartilage (smoother movement). Ex. knee or elbow
What is the synovial membrane
the inner layer of the joint capsule which secretes synovial fluid
What is synovial fluid
helps to lubricate the joint and provides nourishment for the cartilage on the ends of the bone
What it cartilage
tough, smooth tissue that helps to reduce friction between the bones and provides shock-absorption to the joint
What is ligament
tough fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to bones
What are gliding synovial joints
articulating bones in this joint are flat or slightly curved surfaces
What are hinge synovial joints
similar motion to a door, movement is possible in only one plane
What are pivot synovial joints
Purely rotational movement
What are condyloid synovial joints
Very shallow ball and socket joint where movement occurs in two planes
What are saddle synovial joints
similar to a condyloid joint but the surfaces are concave
What are ball and socket synovial joints
ball like end of one bone coming together with a cup-like end of another. A large degree of movement occurs in three planes
What are the 6 types of synovial joints
- Gliding
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Condyloid
- Saddle
- Ball and socket
What is flexion
to reduce the angle at the joint or to bend a limb
What is extension
A movement that increases the angle between two parts that the joint is connecting
What is elevation
to lift or raise a joint
What is depression
To drop or lower a joint
What is pronation
to rotate the limb towards the inside. Eg when the hand is turned so the palm is facing downwards
What is supination
the muscle causes the limb to rotate toward the outside. Eg. the palm is facing up
What is adduction
To bring towards or across the midline of the body
What is abduction
to take away from the midline of the body
What is lateral flexion
to bend sideways with the trunk or the neck
What is lateral extension
To straighten from a sideways bending movement - returning to natural, upright position
What is eversion/inversion
movement of the ankle in the frontal plane. Inversion - turn the sole of the foot inwards, eversion - turn foot outwards
What is plantar flexion
to point the toes away from the body - upwards phase of calf raise
What is dorsi flexion
The flexion of the foot in an upward direction - downwards phase of a calf raise
What is protraction
the shoulders are drawn forward, rounding the shoulder
What is retraction
The shoulders are drawn back, to pull the shoulder blades together and push chest forward
What is horizontal flexion
a forward movement in a horizontal plane
What is horizontal extension
A backward movement in a horizontal plane
What is rotation
A rotary movement
What is circumduction
the circular movement of the hip or shoulder - a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
What is circumduction
the circular movement of the hip or shoulder - a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
What is the elbow joint
Primarily hinge joint formed where the humerus meets the ulna. Also had an additional joint between the radius and ulna
What are the two movements available at the elbow
- flexion and extension (humerus and ulna)
- Pronation and supination (radius and ulna)
What is the wrist joint
A condyloid joint formed where the radius and ulna meet the carpals
what are the 4 movements available at the wrist
- Flexion and extension
- Adduction and abduction
What is the knee joint
A hinge joint where the femur and tibia meet. Protected by the patella
What are the two movements available at the knee
- Flexion
- Extension
What is the shoulder joint
a ball and socket joint where the humerus meets the scapula
What movements are available at the shoulder joint
- flexion and extension
- Abduction and adduction
- Internal and external rotation
- Circumduction
What is the hip joint
a ball and socket joint formed where the top of the femur (the ball) meets the pelvis (the socket)
What movements are available at the hip joint
- Flexion and extension
- Abduction and adduction
- Rotation (internal and external)
- Circumduction
What is the ankle joint
a hinge joint where the tibia and bones of the lower leg meet the talus bone of the ankle
What movements are available at the ankle joint
- Plantar flexion and dorsi flexion
- Rotation of the sole in and out
