14: THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (L3)

Question 1

Superior

Answer 1

the upper part of a structure

Question 2

Inferior

Answer 2

lower part of a structure

Question 3

anterior

Answer 3

front of body or front of structure

Question 4

posterior

Answer 4

back of body

Question 5

medial

Answer 5

towards midline of the body

Question 6

lateral

Answer 6

away from the midline of the body or the side of the body

Question 7

proximal

Answer 7

the end of a structure closest to the centre of the body

Question 8

distal

Answer 8

the end of a structure furtherest away from the centre of the body

Question 9

unilateral

Answer 9

on or using one side of the body

Question 10

bilateral

Answer 10

on or using both sides of the body

Question 11

superficial (global)

Answer 11

nearest to the surface of the body or skin

Question 12

deep (local)

Answer 12

furthest away from the surface

Question 13

contralateral

Answer 13

the opposite side of the body to a particular structure

Question 14

ipsilateral

Answer 14

belonging to the same or occurring on the same side of the body

Question 15

What is the frontal plane

Answer 15

separates the body into front and back sections. any movement that goes to the side and back to the centre of the body

Question 16

examples of frontal plane

Answer 16

lateral raises, side bends, standing hip abduction

Question 17

The sagittal plane

Answer 17

separates the body into left and right. A movement that brings any part of the body in front or behind

Question 18

examples of sagittal plane

Answer 18

flexion and extentsion

Question 19

Transverse plane

Answer 19

separates the body into upper and lower, any movement that rotates

Question 20

examples of transverse plane

Answer 20

oblique twists, medial rotation

Question 21

What forms levers in the body

Answer 21

bones, ligaments and muscles

Question 22

what are the 3 basics parts to a lever

Answer 22

fulcrum
load
load/effort

Question 23

What is the fulcrum

Answer 23

the pivot, aka the joints

Question 24

what is the load

Answer 24

the resistance aka the bone and the load to the moved (such as weights)

Question 25

what is the effort

Answer 25

exerted by muscles to move the object aka the muscular contraction. muscle contractions provide the effort that is applied to the muscles insertion point on the bone - causes the joint to act as a lever

Question 26

What are the 3 types of levers

Answer 26

first class second class third class

Question 27

What are first class levers

Answer 27

weight (load) and effort (force) are on opposite sides of the fulcrum - uncommon in the body

Question 28

what are second class levers

Answer 28

effort applied at one end, fulcrum at the other end and load in the middle - uncommon in the body

Question 29

what are third class levers

Answer 29

effort applied between the load and falcrum - most common type in the body. ex. biceps

Question 30

short term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system

Answer 30

1. Muscle temp and core body temp increases 2. Lactic acid levels in the blood rises, causes burning or aching sensation in muscles 3. Joints become more mobile due to increased flow and reduced viscosity of synovial flui

Question 31

Long term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system

Answer 31

1. increased muscle strength 2. joints become more stable 3. increase in size and number of mitochondria in the muscles 4. muscles capable of using more oxygen and fat at any given time

Question 32

what is DOMS caused by

Answer 32

microscopic damage to the muscle fibres and myofibrils - inflammatory response

Question 33

is DOMS related to lactic acid?

Answer 33

NO

Question 34

How is DOMS prevented

Answer 34

By starting new programme gently and gradually to allow muscles to adapt

Question 35

What is osteoporosis

Answer 35

'brittle bone disease' - more prone to fractures. Bones porous, weak and fragile

Question 36

What is osteoarthritis

Answer 36

chronic inflammatory condition that causes cartilage covering end of bone to degenerate. normally in weight bearing joints

Question 37

How does exercise help osteoporosis

Answer 37

weight bearing exercises can help stimulate or maintain osteoblast (bone building cells) activity in people with osteoporosis