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Pilates > 14: THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (L3) > Flashcards

14: THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (L3) Flashcards

1
Q

Superior

A

the upper part of a structure

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2
Q

Inferior

A

lower part of a structure

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3
Q

anterior

A

front of body or front of structure

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4
Q

posterior

A

back of body

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5
Q

medial

A

towards midline of the body

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6
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body or the side of the body

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7
Q

proximal

A

the end of a structure closest to the centre of the body

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8
Q

distal

A

the end of a structure furtherest away from the centre of the body

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9
Q

unilateral

A

on or using one side of the body

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10
Q

bilateral

A

on or using both sides of the body

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11
Q

superficial (global)

A

nearest to the surface of the body or skin

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12
Q

deep (local)

A

furthest away from the surface

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13
Q

contralateral

A

the opposite side of the body to a particular structure

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14
Q

ipsilateral

A

belonging to the same or occurring on the same side of the body

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15
Q

What is the frontal plane

A

separates the body into front and back sections. any movement that goes to the side and back to the centre of the body

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16
Q

examples of frontal plane

A

lateral raises, side bends, standing hip abduction

17
Q

The sagittal plane

A

separates the body into left and right. A movement that brings any part of the body in front or behind

18
Q

examples of sagittal plane

A

flexion and extentsion

19
Q

Transverse plane

A

separates the body into upper and lower, any movement that rotates

20
Q

examples of transverse plane

A

oblique twists, medial rotation

21
Q

What forms levers in the body

A

bones, ligaments and muscles

22
Q

what are the 3 basics parts to a lever

A

fulcrum
load
load/effort

23
Q

What is the fulcrum

A

the pivot, aka the joints

24
Q

what is the load

A

the resistance aka the bone and the load to the moved (such as weights)

25
Q

what is the effort

A

exerted by muscles to move the object aka the muscular contraction. muscle contractions provide the effort that is applied to the muscles insertion point on the bone - causes the joint to act as a lever

26
Q

What are the 3 types of levers

A

first class
second class
third class

27
Q

What are first class levers

A

weight (load) and effort (force) are on opposite sides of the fulcrum - uncommon in the body

28
Q

what are second class levers

A

effort applied at one end, fulcrum at the other end and load in the middle - uncommon in the body

29
Q

what are third class levers

A

effort applied between the load and falcrum - most common type in the body. ex. biceps

30
Q

short term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system

A
  1. Muscle temp and core body temp increases
  2. Lactic acid levels in the blood rises, causes burning or aching sensation in muscles
  3. Joints become more mobile due to increased flow and reduced viscosity of synovial flui
31
Q

Long term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system

A
  1. increased muscle strength
  2. joints become more stable
  3. increase in size and number of mitochondria in the muscles
  4. muscles capable of using more oxygen and fat at any given time
32
Q

what is DOMS caused by

A

microscopic damage to the muscle fibres and myofibrils - inflammatory response

33
Q

is DOMS related to lactic acid?

A

NO

34
Q

How is DOMS prevented

A

By starting new programme gently and gradually to allow muscles to adapt

35
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

‘brittle bone disease’ - more prone to fractures. Bones porous, weak and fragile

36
Q

What is osteoarthritis

A

chronic inflammatory condition that causes cartilage covering end of bone to degenerate. normally in weight bearing joints

37
Q

How does exercise help osteoporosis

A

weight bearing exercises can help stimulate or maintain osteoblast (bone building cells) activity in people with osteoporosis

Pilates (17 decks)

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