14: THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (L3) Flashcards
Superior
the upper part of a structure
Inferior
lower part of a structure
anterior
front of body or front of structure
posterior
back of body
medial
towards midline of the body
lateral
away from the midline of the body or the side of the body
proximal
the end of a structure closest to the centre of the body
distal
the end of a structure furtherest away from the centre of the body
unilateral
on or using one side of the body
bilateral
on or using both sides of the body
superficial (global)
nearest to the surface of the body or skin
deep (local)
furthest away from the surface
contralateral
the opposite side of the body to a particular structure
ipsilateral
belonging to the same or occurring on the same side of the body
What is the frontal plane
separates the body into front and back sections. any movement that goes to the side and back to the centre of the body
examples of frontal plane
lateral raises, side bends, standing hip abduction
The sagittal plane
separates the body into left and right. A movement that brings any part of the body in front or behind
examples of sagittal plane
flexion and extentsion
Transverse plane
separates the body into upper and lower, any movement that rotates
examples of transverse plane
oblique twists, medial rotation
What forms levers in the body
bones, ligaments and muscles
what are the 3 basics parts to a lever
fulcrum
load
load/effort
What is the fulcrum
the pivot, aka the joints
what is the load
the resistance aka the bone and the load to the moved (such as weights)
what is the effort
exerted by muscles to move the object aka the muscular contraction. muscle contractions provide the effort that is applied to the muscles insertion point on the bone - causes the joint to act as a lever
What are the 3 types of levers
first class
second class
third class
What are first class levers
weight (load) and effort (force) are on opposite sides of the fulcrum - uncommon in the body
what are second class levers
effort applied at one end, fulcrum at the other end and load in the middle - uncommon in the body
what are third class levers
effort applied between the load and falcrum - most common type in the body. ex. biceps
short term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system
- Muscle temp and core body temp increases
- Lactic acid levels in the blood rises, causes burning or aching sensation in muscles
- Joints become more mobile due to increased flow and reduced viscosity of synovial flui
Long term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system
- increased muscle strength
- joints become more stable
- increase in size and number of mitochondria in the muscles
- muscles capable of using more oxygen and fat at any given time
what is DOMS caused by
microscopic damage to the muscle fibres and myofibrils - inflammatory response
is DOMS related to lactic acid?
NO
How is DOMS prevented
By starting new programme gently and gradually to allow muscles to adapt
What is osteoporosis
‘brittle bone disease’ - more prone to fractures. Bones porous, weak and fragile
What is osteoarthritis
chronic inflammatory condition that causes cartilage covering end of bone to degenerate. normally in weight bearing joints
How does exercise help osteoporosis
weight bearing exercises can help stimulate or maintain osteoblast (bone building cells) activity in people with osteoporosis
