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Pilates > 17: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

17: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

a collection of glands that produce hormones which carry info/instructions from one set of cells to another

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2
Q

what are hormones

A

chemicals made by specialist cells (usually within an endocrine gland) and released into the blood stream to send a message to another part of the body

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3
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the body’s way of regulating or maintaining a steady internal environment

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4
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system

A

to provide the body with a sensory system to react to the environment, a slower method of maintaining homeostasis than the nervous system

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5
Q

list the endocrine glands

A

Pituitary
Thyroid
Thymus
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovary
Teste

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6
Q

how is the regulation of homeostasis achieved

A

through feedback loops - either positive or negative

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7
Q

what does a positive feedback loop do

A

amplifies change

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8
Q

what does a negative feedback loop do

A

reduces change

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9
Q

hormones are slower to create a response than nerves?

A

true

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10
Q

what are hormones made from

A

lipids (fats) and amino acids (protein)

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11
Q

what are the two different types of hormones

A

Steroid
Peptide

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12
Q

what are catabolic hormones

A

they break things down

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13
Q

what are anabolic hormones

A

they build things up

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14
Q

what are steroid hormones

A

Slow acting and long lasting hormones that control themselves by means of feedback

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15
Q

what are peptide hormones

A

made of protein, fast acting and short-lived

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16
Q

where is the hypothalamus located

A

base of the brain, above the pituitary gland

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17
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

master gland, controls activity of the pituitary gland. forms the link between the nervous and endocrine system

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18
Q

where is the pituitary gland

A

base of the brain, below the pituitary gland

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19
Q

what does the anterior part of the pituitary gland do

A

secretes growth hormones under the control of the hypothalamus

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20
Q

what does the posterior part of the pituitary gland do

A

secretes a number of important hormones that control factors such as blood matter content and lactation

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21
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

secretes a range of hormones known as ‘tropic’ hormones that act as messengers and controllers of other endocrine glands

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22
Q

what are growth hormones

A

powerful anabolic hormones, important in tissue growth. Lots in children, lower levels in adults

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23
Q

where is the thyroid situated

A

in the neck

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24
Q

what does the thyroid do

A

secretes thyroxine

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25
Q

what does thyroxine affect

A

heart and digestive function
metabolism maintenance
brain development
bone health
muscle control

26
Q

what happens if you have low levels of thyroxine

A

retarded growth and development
reduced basal metabolism
rapid weight gain in adults

27
Q

where is the parathyroid located

A

situated in the neck behind the thyroid glad - usueally have 4

28
Q

what does the parathyroid do

A

secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates levels of calcium in the blood (essential for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission)

29
Q

what happens when blood calcium levels fall

A

PTH is released to increase calcium absorption from the gut and breaking down bone to release calcium

30
Q

where are the adrenal glands located

A

on the kidneys

31
Q

what do the adrenal glands do

A

secrete powerful hormones in response to stress, fear and excitement (sympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system)

32
Q

what does each adrenal gland release

A

Catecholamines - hormones; adrenaline and noradrenaline. Quick acting to prepare the body for fight or flight

33
Q

what is the outer layer of the adrenal glands called

A

the cortex

34
Q

what happens in the cortex of the adrenal glands

A

cortisteroid hormones (such as cortisol) are made and released into the blood

35
Q

where are ovaries situated

A

inside female pelvic region and part of reproductive organs

36
Q

what do ovaries do

A

secrete oestrogen and progesterone which promotes feminine characteristics such as breasts, less body hair and increased body fat

37
Q

where is the pancreas located

A

near the stomach

38
Q

what is the role of the pancreas

A

dual role:
1. Digestive gland - producing enzymes that help break down fat, carbs and protein
2. Endocrine gland: produces hormones insulin and glucagon

39
Q

when is insulin realised into the blood

A

in response to rising blood sugar levels

40
Q

what does insulin do

A

promotes transport of blood sugar into the cells to be used for energy or to be stored as glycogen. it reduces blood sugar levels.

41
Q

what happens when blood sugar levels fall

A

glucagon breaks down stored glycogen to release glucose and increase blood sugar levels

42
Q

what is the relationship between insulin and glucagon

A

they work antagonistically to keep blood sugar levels in a healthy range

43
Q

where are testes located

A

male pelvic region and involved in reproductive system of the body. outside rather than inside to keep them cool enough for effective sperm production

44
Q

what do the testes do

A

secretes testosterone (anabolic hormone) which promotes masculine characteristics - increased muscle size, increased body hair, decreased body fat, increased red blood cell count

45
Q

what happens to cortisol levels during exercise

A

they rise due to the stress placed on the body

46
Q

what causes cortisol levels to rise too much

A

overtraining stress and lifestyle stressors

47
Q

what happens if cortisol levels are too high

A

impaired cognitive performance
suppressed thyroid function
blood sugar imbalances
decreased bone density
decrease muscle tissue
higher blood pressure
lowered immunity and inflammatory responses
increased tummy fat

48
Q

benefits of growth hormones during exercise

A

stimulates protein synthesis (muscle tone development)
strength of bones, tendons, ligaments and cartilage
decreased the use of glucose and increases the use of fat as fuel (reduced body fat)

49
Q

what happens to growth hormones if overtraining

A

can increase the release of this hormone. cortisol can inhibit protein synthesis if levels rise out of control

50
Q

what happens to testosterone during normal exercise

A

helps gain muscle, strengthen bones and lose fat. Although exercise can increase levels, cortisol can have an inhibiting effect so important to have rest times

51
Q

what happens to testosterone in overtraining

A

the body regulates T output through negative feedback loops. If artificially injected then natural outputs will lower and the glands will shrink

52
Q

what happens to oestrogen during training

A

increase fat breakdown from body fat stores to be used as fuel
increase basal metabolic rate
elevate mood
increase libido

53
Q

what happens to oestrogen in over training

A

can lead to reduction in levels produced. low body fat in women can result in loss of periods

54
Q

benefit of exercise for thyroid disorders

A

can reduce symptoms and increase circulation of thyroid hormones

55
Q

what happens to thyroid during exercise

A

increases blood flow and improves metabolic rate
minimises chance of weight gain
increases energy levels

56
Q

thyroid and over training

A

can have adverse effect in the functioning of the thyroid and make it over produce (hyperthyroidism) or under product (hypothyroidism)

57
Q

what is hyperthyroidism

A

over producing thyroid
feel mentally/physically drained after exercise
weight gain
sore joints
constant fatigue

58
Q

what is hypothyroidism

A

under producing thyroid
can result in heart conditions, brittle bones and eye problems

59
Q

what happens to insulin and glucagon levels during exercise

A

blood insulin levels drop and blood glucagon levels rise. insulin sensitivity is increased so your cells are better able to use any available hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy. When muscles contract, it allows your cells to take up glucose and use it for energy when insulin is available or not

60
Q

insulin and glucagon and over training

A

causes blood sugar levels to rise. can activate fight or flight which stimulates adrenal glands. Stress hormones are then released which stimulate the liver to product glucose at a faster rate than normal.

Pilates (17 decks)

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